Cruciferous vegetables, rich in glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products (isothiocyanates and indoles), have been linked to reduced risks of lung and colorectal cancer in some epidemiological studies. These compounds alter hormone metabolism, potentially inhibiting hormone-sensitive cancers. However, evidence for an inverse association with breast or prostate cancer is limited and inconsistent. Genetic polymorphisms affecting the metabolism and elimination of isothiocyanates may influence their protective effects. Cooking methods, particularly boiling and high-power microwaving, can reduce glucosinolate content and bioavailability. Isothiocyanates are metabolized through the mercapturic acid pathway, and indoles form acid condensation products like DIM, which can modulate xenobiotic metabolism and estrogen metabolism. While cruciferous vegetables have shown promise in preventing cancer, their long-term effects on cancer risk are not fully understood, and potential adverse effects, such as tumor promotion, have been reported in some studies. Future research should focus on better assessing physiologically relevant concentrations of these compounds and their metabolites, as well as the potential risks and benefits of I3C and DIM supplements.Cruciferous vegetables, rich in glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products (isothiocyanates and indoles), have been linked to reduced risks of lung and colorectal cancer in some epidemiological studies. These compounds alter hormone metabolism, potentially inhibiting hormone-sensitive cancers. However, evidence for an inverse association with breast or prostate cancer is limited and inconsistent. Genetic polymorphisms affecting the metabolism and elimination of isothiocyanates may influence their protective effects. Cooking methods, particularly boiling and high-power microwaving, can reduce glucosinolate content and bioavailability. Isothiocyanates are metabolized through the mercapturic acid pathway, and indoles form acid condensation products like DIM, which can modulate xenobiotic metabolism and estrogen metabolism. While cruciferous vegetables have shown promise in preventing cancer, their long-term effects on cancer risk are not fully understood, and potential adverse effects, such as tumor promotion, have been reported in some studies. Future research should focus on better assessing physiologically relevant concentrations of these compounds and their metabolites, as well as the potential risks and benefits of I3C and DIM supplements.