Prolactin (PRL) is a hormone with diverse functions, including regulating lactation and influencing the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian (HPO) axis, which is crucial for ovulation. This review discusses the current understanding of PRL's role in ovulation and ovulatory disorders, particularly hyperprolactinemia, a common cause of female infertility. The structure and signaling of the PRL receptor (PRLR) are detailed, along with the hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle and folliculogenesis. The review also covers the classification of ovulatory disorders and the importance of TIDA, KNDγ, and GnRH neurons in PRL- and kisspeptin-dependent regulation of the HPG axis. The aim is to provide a rationale for therapeutic interventions targeting PRL signaling pathways in ovulation disorders.Prolactin (PRL) is a hormone with diverse functions, including regulating lactation and influencing the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian (HPO) axis, which is crucial for ovulation. This review discusses the current understanding of PRL's role in ovulation and ovulatory disorders, particularly hyperprolactinemia, a common cause of female infertility. The structure and signaling of the PRL receptor (PRLR) are detailed, along with the hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle and folliculogenesis. The review also covers the classification of ovulatory disorders and the importance of TIDA, KNDγ, and GnRH neurons in PRL- and kisspeptin-dependent regulation of the HPG axis. The aim is to provide a rationale for therapeutic interventions targeting PRL signaling pathways in ovulation disorders.