This perspective article reviews the current status and future opportunities for polymer science in battery technologies, particularly focusing on lithium-ion batteries and emerging post-lithium battery technologies. Polymers play a crucial role in improving the performance of lithium-ion batteries, and their importance will increase with the development of sustainable and versatile solid-state batteries. The article highlights trends in the design and development of polymers for battery applications, including binders for electrodes, porous separators, solid electrolytes, and redox-active electrode materials. Recent developments in new ionic polymers, biobased polymers, self-healing polymers, mixed-ionic electronic conducting polymers, inorganic–polymer composites, and redox polymers are discussed. The future needs, opportunities, and directions of the field are also emphasized, with a focus on sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and the integration of advanced manufacturing technologies. The article concludes by outlining the potential of polymers in overcoming challenges such as raw material availability, safety, and flexibility in next-generation batteries.This perspective article reviews the current status and future opportunities for polymer science in battery technologies, particularly focusing on lithium-ion batteries and emerging post-lithium battery technologies. Polymers play a crucial role in improving the performance of lithium-ion batteries, and their importance will increase with the development of sustainable and versatile solid-state batteries. The article highlights trends in the design and development of polymers for battery applications, including binders for electrodes, porous separators, solid electrolytes, and redox-active electrode materials. Recent developments in new ionic polymers, biobased polymers, self-healing polymers, mixed-ionic electronic conducting polymers, inorganic–polymer composites, and redox polymers are discussed. The future needs, opportunities, and directions of the field are also emphasized, with a focus on sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and the integration of advanced manufacturing technologies. The article concludes by outlining the potential of polymers in overcoming challenges such as raw material availability, safety, and flexibility in next-generation batteries.