This review explores the current state and future directions of targeted drug delivery in breast cancer, emphasizing the limitations of conventional therapies and the potential of nanotechnology. Breast cancer is a complex disease with diverse molecular subtypes, each requiring tailored treatment strategies. Conventional treatments like chemotherapy and radiation therapy, while effective, often result in severe side effects and drug resistance. Targeted drug delivery systems, including nanoparticles, liposomes, and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), offer a promising alternative by enhancing drug specificity and reducing systemic toxicity. These systems can deliver therapeutic agents directly to tumor sites, improving treatment efficacy and patient outcomes. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have enabled the development of stimuli-responsive and multifunctional drug delivery systems that respond to specific tumor microenvironment cues, such as pH and temperature, for precise drug release. Additionally, emerging approaches like exosome-based delivery, peptide-targeted therapies, and RNA-based therapeutics are being explored to enhance the precision and effectiveness of breast cancer treatment. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the potential of these systems in improving drug accumulation in tumors and reducing systemic side effects. Clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate the safety and efficacy of these targeted delivery systems in breast cancer patients. Despite these advancements, challenges such as overcoming biological barriers, ensuring the biodegradation and clearance of nanocarriers, and addressing drug resistance remain significant hurdles. Future research aims to refine these technologies to improve their therapeutic potential and safety profile, ultimately leading to more effective and personalized breast cancer treatments.This review explores the current state and future directions of targeted drug delivery in breast cancer, emphasizing the limitations of conventional therapies and the potential of nanotechnology. Breast cancer is a complex disease with diverse molecular subtypes, each requiring tailored treatment strategies. Conventional treatments like chemotherapy and radiation therapy, while effective, often result in severe side effects and drug resistance. Targeted drug delivery systems, including nanoparticles, liposomes, and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), offer a promising alternative by enhancing drug specificity and reducing systemic toxicity. These systems can deliver therapeutic agents directly to tumor sites, improving treatment efficacy and patient outcomes. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have enabled the development of stimuli-responsive and multifunctional drug delivery systems that respond to specific tumor microenvironment cues, such as pH and temperature, for precise drug release. Additionally, emerging approaches like exosome-based delivery, peptide-targeted therapies, and RNA-based therapeutics are being explored to enhance the precision and effectiveness of breast cancer treatment. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the potential of these systems in improving drug accumulation in tumors and reducing systemic side effects. Clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate the safety and efficacy of these targeted delivery systems in breast cancer patients. Despite these advancements, challenges such as overcoming biological barriers, ensuring the biodegradation and clearance of nanocarriers, and addressing drug resistance remain significant hurdles. Future research aims to refine these technologies to improve their therapeutic potential and safety profile, ultimately leading to more effective and personalized breast cancer treatments.