The chapter discusses the role of cytokines in inflammation and pain. Cytokines are small proteins that mediate cellular interactions and communications, acting on both local and distant cells. They can be categorized into pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, are involved in the initiation and persistence of pathological pain by activating nociceptive neurons. These cytokines can also induce central sensitization and hyperalgesia/allodynia following nerve injury. Anti-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-10 and TGF-β, counter-regulate the pro-inflammatory response and have been shown to prevent or attenuate cytokine-mediated hyperalgesia. The chapter also highlights the role of glial cells in mediating neuropathic pain and the potential therapeutic benefits of targeting cytokine pathways in chronic pain management.The chapter discusses the role of cytokines in inflammation and pain. Cytokines are small proteins that mediate cellular interactions and communications, acting on both local and distant cells. They can be categorized into pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, are involved in the initiation and persistence of pathological pain by activating nociceptive neurons. These cytokines can also induce central sensitization and hyperalgesia/allodynia following nerve injury. Anti-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-10 and TGF-β, counter-regulate the pro-inflammatory response and have been shown to prevent or attenuate cytokine-mediated hyperalgesia. The chapter also highlights the role of glial cells in mediating neuropathic pain and the potential therapeutic benefits of targeting cytokine pathways in chronic pain management.