DNA-guided transcription factor cooperativity shapes face and limb mesenchyme

DNA-guided transcription factor cooperativity shapes face and limb mesenchyme

2024 February 01 | Seungsoo Kim, Ekaterina Morgunova, Sahin Naqvi, Seppe Goovaerts, Maram Bader, Mervenaz Koska, Alexander Popov, Christy Luong, Angela Pogson, Tomek Swigut, Peter Claes, Jussi Taipale, Joanna Wysocka
The study reveals how DNA-guided cooperativity among transcription factors (TFs) shapes embryonic face and limb mesenchyme. The 'Coordinator' motif, a 17-bp DNA sequence, is uniquely associated with regulatory regions in these tissues. It facilitates cooperative binding between the bHLH TF TWIST1 and a collective of homeodomain (HD) factors, which are linked to regional identities. TWIST1 is essential for HD binding and open chromatin at Coordinator sites, while HD factors stabilize TWIST1 occupancy and titrate it away from HD-independent sites. This cooperativity regulates genes involved in cell-type and positional identities, ultimately shaping facial morphology and evolution. The Coordinator motif is selectively enriched in the accessible cis-regulatory regions of the developing face and limb mesenchyme. TWIST1 binds the Coordinator motif across diverse tissues with varying HD TF expression. Multiple HD factors co-bind the Coordinator motif with TWIST1, and TWIST1 facilitates HD TF binding, chromatin opening, and enhancer activity. HD TFs cooperate with TWIST1 to open chromatin at Coordinator sites, and the loss of HD TFs titrates TWIST1 away from Coordinator sites towards canonical double E-box sites. The Coordinator motif guides contact and cooperativity between TWIST1 and HD TFs. The DNA sequence of the Coordinator motif is crucial for TF cooperativity, as it positions the TFs at the right distance and angle. The roles of Coordinator-binding TFs and their genomic targets in facial shape variation are highlighted, showing that genetic variations in these regions modulate human facial shape. The study underscores the importance of DNA-guided cooperativity in shaping facial morphology and evolution.The study reveals how DNA-guided cooperativity among transcription factors (TFs) shapes embryonic face and limb mesenchyme. The 'Coordinator' motif, a 17-bp DNA sequence, is uniquely associated with regulatory regions in these tissues. It facilitates cooperative binding between the bHLH TF TWIST1 and a collective of homeodomain (HD) factors, which are linked to regional identities. TWIST1 is essential for HD binding and open chromatin at Coordinator sites, while HD factors stabilize TWIST1 occupancy and titrate it away from HD-independent sites. This cooperativity regulates genes involved in cell-type and positional identities, ultimately shaping facial morphology and evolution. The Coordinator motif is selectively enriched in the accessible cis-regulatory regions of the developing face and limb mesenchyme. TWIST1 binds the Coordinator motif across diverse tissues with varying HD TF expression. Multiple HD factors co-bind the Coordinator motif with TWIST1, and TWIST1 facilitates HD TF binding, chromatin opening, and enhancer activity. HD TFs cooperate with TWIST1 to open chromatin at Coordinator sites, and the loss of HD TFs titrates TWIST1 away from Coordinator sites towards canonical double E-box sites. The Coordinator motif guides contact and cooperativity between TWIST1 and HD TFs. The DNA sequence of the Coordinator motif is crucial for TF cooperativity, as it positions the TFs at the right distance and angle. The roles of Coordinator-binding TFs and their genomic targets in facial shape variation are highlighted, showing that genetic variations in these regions modulate human facial shape. The study underscores the importance of DNA-guided cooperativity in shaping facial morphology and evolution.
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