The article "DNA Vaccines: Immunology, Application, and Optimization" by Sanjay Gurunathan, Dennis M. Klinman, and Robert A. Seder reviews the development and potential of DNA vaccines as a new form of vaccination. DNA vaccines, which contain the gene for an antigen of interest, can induce both humoral and cellular immune responses, making them particularly useful for diseases that require cell-mediated immunity, such as tuberculosis, malaria, and HIV infection. The review highlights the mechanisms by which DNA vaccines elicit immune responses, including the role of CpG motifs in enhancing immune responses and the importance of bone marrow-derived antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in priming immune responses. It also discusses the advantages of DNA vaccines over traditional vaccines, such as their ability to induce long-lived cellular and humoral immune responses, and their potential for manufacturing and storage. The article further explores the optimization of DNA vaccines, including the choice of vector, gene regulatory elements, and the impact of antigen localization on immune responses. Overall, the review provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding and potential applications of DNA vaccines in various preclinical models.The article "DNA Vaccines: Immunology, Application, and Optimization" by Sanjay Gurunathan, Dennis M. Klinman, and Robert A. Seder reviews the development and potential of DNA vaccines as a new form of vaccination. DNA vaccines, which contain the gene for an antigen of interest, can induce both humoral and cellular immune responses, making them particularly useful for diseases that require cell-mediated immunity, such as tuberculosis, malaria, and HIV infection. The review highlights the mechanisms by which DNA vaccines elicit immune responses, including the role of CpG motifs in enhancing immune responses and the importance of bone marrow-derived antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in priming immune responses. It also discusses the advantages of DNA vaccines over traditional vaccines, such as their ability to induce long-lived cellular and humoral immune responses, and their potential for manufacturing and storage. The article further explores the optimization of DNA vaccines, including the choice of vector, gene regulatory elements, and the impact of antigen localization on immune responses. Overall, the review provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding and potential applications of DNA vaccines in various preclinical models.