DNA vaccines are a promising new approach to vaccination that can induce both humoral and cellular immune responses. They work by introducing plasmid DNA containing the gene for the antigen of interest into the body, which then leads to the expression of the antigen and the activation of the immune system. This review discusses the mechanisms by which DNA vaccines elicit immune responses and highlights their potential applications in various preclinical models. DNA vaccines have several advantages over traditional vaccines. They can be manufactured cost-effectively and stored without the need for a cold chain. They also mimic the effects of live attenuated vaccines in inducing CD8+ T-cell responses, which are important for protecting against intracellular pathogens. Additionally, DNA vaccines can be easily modified to optimize the immune response. The effectiveness of DNA vaccines depends on several factors, including the choice of vector and the optimization of gene regulatory elements. The plasmid DNA must be engineered to ensure optimal expression in eukaryotic cells. This includes the use of strong promoters, such as those derived from viruses, to enhance gene expression. The inclusion of CpG motifs in the plasmid backbone can also enhance the immune response by activating B cells and professional antigen-presenting cells. DNA vaccines can induce both humoral and cellular immune responses. The humoral response involves the production of antibodies, while the cellular response involves the activation of CD8+ T cells. The ability of DNA vaccines to induce these responses is influenced by the type of antigen and the route of administration. For example, DNA vaccines administered via the gene gun method can induce a Th2 response, while those administered intramuscularly may induce a Th1 response. The effectiveness of DNA vaccines in inducing long-term immunity is also important. Studies have shown that DNA vaccines can induce memory responses that persist for several months. This is particularly important for diseases that require long-term immunity, such as HIV and malaria. Overall, DNA vaccines offer a promising alternative to traditional vaccines. They can be easily modified to optimize the immune response and have the potential to induce both humoral and cellular immunity. However, further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms by which DNA vaccines induce immune responses and to optimize their effectiveness for different diseases.DNA vaccines are a promising new approach to vaccination that can induce both humoral and cellular immune responses. They work by introducing plasmid DNA containing the gene for the antigen of interest into the body, which then leads to the expression of the antigen and the activation of the immune system. This review discusses the mechanisms by which DNA vaccines elicit immune responses and highlights their potential applications in various preclinical models. DNA vaccines have several advantages over traditional vaccines. They can be manufactured cost-effectively and stored without the need for a cold chain. They also mimic the effects of live attenuated vaccines in inducing CD8+ T-cell responses, which are important for protecting against intracellular pathogens. Additionally, DNA vaccines can be easily modified to optimize the immune response. The effectiveness of DNA vaccines depends on several factors, including the choice of vector and the optimization of gene regulatory elements. The plasmid DNA must be engineered to ensure optimal expression in eukaryotic cells. This includes the use of strong promoters, such as those derived from viruses, to enhance gene expression. The inclusion of CpG motifs in the plasmid backbone can also enhance the immune response by activating B cells and professional antigen-presenting cells. DNA vaccines can induce both humoral and cellular immune responses. The humoral response involves the production of antibodies, while the cellular response involves the activation of CD8+ T cells. The ability of DNA vaccines to induce these responses is influenced by the type of antigen and the route of administration. For example, DNA vaccines administered via the gene gun method can induce a Th2 response, while those administered intramuscularly may induce a Th1 response. The effectiveness of DNA vaccines in inducing long-term immunity is also important. Studies have shown that DNA vaccines can induce memory responses that persist for several months. This is particularly important for diseases that require long-term immunity, such as HIV and malaria. Overall, DNA vaccines offer a promising alternative to traditional vaccines. They can be easily modified to optimize the immune response and have the potential to induce both humoral and cellular immunity. However, further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms by which DNA vaccines induce immune responses and to optimize their effectiveness for different diseases.