Organic material electrodes (OEMs) are considered promising candidates for next-generation rechargeable batteries due to their environmental friendliness, low cost, structural diversity, and flexible molecular design. However, they face challenges such as limited reversible capacity, high solubility in liquid electrolytes, low ionic/electronic conductivity, and low output voltage. Researchers have explored various molecular design strategies, including functional groups, molecular frameworks, and materials like small molecules, polymers, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and heterocyclic molecules, to address these issues. The article discusses current applications of organic compounds in batteries, such as interfacial protective layers, anodes, solid electrolytes, and sulfur cathode host materials. It provides insights into the molecular structure and electrochemical properties of OEMs, broadens research ideas, and inspires further exploration of electroactive organic compounds in rechargeable batteries. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in electric vehicles, portable devices, and energy storage systems due to their high energy and power densities. However, their limited energy density and short lifespan hinder their performance. Inorganic cathode materials, such as lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, and lithium iron phosphate, have high reversible capacity and suitable voltage platforms but suffer from capacity loss under high voltage. Inorganic materials also pose environmental and resource challenges due to their reliance on transition metals and high synthesis temperatures. OEMs, composed of non-metallic elements and produced from biomass, offer a sustainable alternative. They can be synthesized at low temperatures, reducing energy consumption. However, they face challenges such as dissolution of active species, poor conductivity, and low capacity. Strategies like functional group design, polymerization, and heteroatom introduction have been developed to overcome these issues. The article reviews the energy storage mechanisms of n-type, p-type, and bipolar-type organic compounds, highlighting their differences and relevance in molecular structure, capacity, conductivity, and application. It emphasizes the feasibility of combining inorganic and organic materials in COFs and discusses the challenges and improvement strategies for OEMs in Li-ion batteries. The review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of OEMs for researchers and inspire future advancements in this field.Organic material electrodes (OEMs) are considered promising candidates for next-generation rechargeable batteries due to their environmental friendliness, low cost, structural diversity, and flexible molecular design. However, they face challenges such as limited reversible capacity, high solubility in liquid electrolytes, low ionic/electronic conductivity, and low output voltage. Researchers have explored various molecular design strategies, including functional groups, molecular frameworks, and materials like small molecules, polymers, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and heterocyclic molecules, to address these issues. The article discusses current applications of organic compounds in batteries, such as interfacial protective layers, anodes, solid electrolytes, and sulfur cathode host materials. It provides insights into the molecular structure and electrochemical properties of OEMs, broadens research ideas, and inspires further exploration of electroactive organic compounds in rechargeable batteries. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in electric vehicles, portable devices, and energy storage systems due to their high energy and power densities. However, their limited energy density and short lifespan hinder their performance. Inorganic cathode materials, such as lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, and lithium iron phosphate, have high reversible capacity and suitable voltage platforms but suffer from capacity loss under high voltage. Inorganic materials also pose environmental and resource challenges due to their reliance on transition metals and high synthesis temperatures. OEMs, composed of non-metallic elements and produced from biomass, offer a sustainable alternative. They can be synthesized at low temperatures, reducing energy consumption. However, they face challenges such as dissolution of active species, poor conductivity, and low capacity. Strategies like functional group design, polymerization, and heteroatom introduction have been developed to overcome these issues. The article reviews the energy storage mechanisms of n-type, p-type, and bipolar-type organic compounds, highlighting their differences and relevance in molecular structure, capacity, conductivity, and application. It emphasizes the feasibility of combining inorganic and organic materials in COFs and discusses the challenges and improvement strategies for OEMs in Li-ion batteries. The review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of OEMs for researchers and inspire future advancements in this field.