This study examines the determinants of household food expenditure in Tanzania and their implications for food security using data from the 2017/18 Tanzania National Household Budget Survey. The Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) regression analysis was used to analyze the data. The results show that the average monthly household food expenditure in Tanzania is about TZS 159,072.80 (approximately US $69.2). Food expenditure exhibits a non-linear relationship with the age of the household head, with income elasticity of 0.72%. Expenditure increases with household size, household head sex, education, asset ownership, group membership, and marital status, while being located in rural areas is negatively associated with food expenditure. The study finds that household food expenditure is influenced by several factors, including the age of the household head, household size, education level of the household head, sex of the household head, location of the household, marital status, and household income level. The findings suggest that higher education, male-headed households, and urban areas are associated with higher food expenditure. Additionally, being married is positively associated with higher food expenditure. The study also examines the effect of food expenditure on household food security. The results show that higher food expenditure is associated with lower food insecurity. The study concludes that strategies aimed at improving household income, family planning, gender equity, education, and social cohesion are important for improving household food security. The study highlights the need for further research on the determinants of household food expenditure in Tanzania.This study examines the determinants of household food expenditure in Tanzania and their implications for food security using data from the 2017/18 Tanzania National Household Budget Survey. The Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) regression analysis was used to analyze the data. The results show that the average monthly household food expenditure in Tanzania is about TZS 159,072.80 (approximately US $69.2). Food expenditure exhibits a non-linear relationship with the age of the household head, with income elasticity of 0.72%. Expenditure increases with household size, household head sex, education, asset ownership, group membership, and marital status, while being located in rural areas is negatively associated with food expenditure. The study finds that household food expenditure is influenced by several factors, including the age of the household head, household size, education level of the household head, sex of the household head, location of the household, marital status, and household income level. The findings suggest that higher education, male-headed households, and urban areas are associated with higher food expenditure. Additionally, being married is positively associated with higher food expenditure. The study also examines the effect of food expenditure on household food security. The results show that higher food expenditure is associated with lower food insecurity. The study concludes that strategies aimed at improving household income, family planning, gender equity, education, and social cohesion are important for improving household food security. The study highlights the need for further research on the determinants of household food expenditure in Tanzania.