This study examines the determinants of household food expenditure in Tanzania and their implications on food security using data from the 2017/18 household budget survey. The Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) regression analysis was employed to address endogeneity issues. The results indicate that the average monthly household food expenditure in Tanzania is approximately TZS 159,072.80 (US $69.2). Food expenditure exhibits a non-linear relationship with the age of the household head, with an income elasticity of 0.72%. Expenditure increases with household size, household head sex, education, asset ownership, group membership, and marital status, while being located in rural areas is negatively associated with food expenditure. The study concludes that strategies aimed at improving household income, family planning, gender equity, education, and social cohesion are crucial for enhancing food security and dietary diversity.This study examines the determinants of household food expenditure in Tanzania and their implications on food security using data from the 2017/18 household budget survey. The Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) regression analysis was employed to address endogeneity issues. The results indicate that the average monthly household food expenditure in Tanzania is approximately TZS 159,072.80 (US $69.2). Food expenditure exhibits a non-linear relationship with the age of the household head, with an income elasticity of 0.72%. Expenditure increases with household size, household head sex, education, asset ownership, group membership, and marital status, while being located in rural areas is negatively associated with food expenditure. The study concludes that strategies aimed at improving household income, family planning, gender equity, education, and social cohesion are crucial for enhancing food security and dietary diversity.