Diabetes Mellitus Overview 2024

Diabetes Mellitus Overview 2024

September 28, 2024 | Ahmed Abdelhalim Yameny
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion or action. This review article provides an overview of DM, focusing on its classification, risk factors, complications, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. **Classification:** - **Type 1 Diabetes (T1DM):** Autoimmune condition where the body's immune system destroys insulin-producing beta cells, requiring lifelong insulin therapy. - **Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM):** The most common form, characterized by insulin resistance and reduced insulin production, often associated with obesity and lifestyle factors. - **Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM):** Develops during pregnancy, typically resolving postpartum, but increases the risk of type 2 diabetes later. - **Other Specific Types:** Includes genetic defects, exocrine pancreas diseases, and drug-induced diabetes. **Epidemiology:** - DM affects millions globally, with a projected increase to 783 million by 2045. - The burden is unevenly distributed, with 90% of cases in low- and middle-income countries. - Factors contributing to the rising prevalence include population growth, aging, urbanization, and increasing obesity. **Risk Factors:** - Genetic predisposition, obesity, age, and lifestyle choices are key contributors to the global incidence. **Complications:** - **Microvascular Complications:** Diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. - **Macrovascular Complications:** Cardiovascular disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease. - **Other Complications:** Infections, inflammation, and mental health issues. **Diagnosis:** - Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) test, Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and oral glucose tolerance tests are used to diagnose DM. **Treatment:** - **Lifestyle Changes:** Balanced diet, regular exercise, and weight management. - **Pharmacological Treatment:** Insulin therapy, oral medications like metformin and GLP-1 receptor agonists. - **Monitoring:** Regular blood glucose monitoring to assess treatment effectiveness. The article emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and long-term glucose control to prevent complications and improve patient outcomes.Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion or action. This review article provides an overview of DM, focusing on its classification, risk factors, complications, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. **Classification:** - **Type 1 Diabetes (T1DM):** Autoimmune condition where the body's immune system destroys insulin-producing beta cells, requiring lifelong insulin therapy. - **Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM):** The most common form, characterized by insulin resistance and reduced insulin production, often associated with obesity and lifestyle factors. - **Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM):** Develops during pregnancy, typically resolving postpartum, but increases the risk of type 2 diabetes later. - **Other Specific Types:** Includes genetic defects, exocrine pancreas diseases, and drug-induced diabetes. **Epidemiology:** - DM affects millions globally, with a projected increase to 783 million by 2045. - The burden is unevenly distributed, with 90% of cases in low- and middle-income countries. - Factors contributing to the rising prevalence include population growth, aging, urbanization, and increasing obesity. **Risk Factors:** - Genetic predisposition, obesity, age, and lifestyle choices are key contributors to the global incidence. **Complications:** - **Microvascular Complications:** Diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. - **Macrovascular Complications:** Cardiovascular disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease. - **Other Complications:** Infections, inflammation, and mental health issues. **Diagnosis:** - Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) test, Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and oral glucose tolerance tests are used to diagnose DM. **Treatment:** - **Lifestyle Changes:** Balanced diet, regular exercise, and weight management. - **Pharmacological Treatment:** Insulin therapy, oral medications like metformin and GLP-1 receptor agonists. - **Monitoring:** Regular blood glucose monitoring to assess treatment effectiveness. The article emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and long-term glucose control to prevent complications and improve patient outcomes.
Reach us at info@study.space
[slides and audio] Diabetes Mellitus Overview 2024