This article provides a comprehensive review of the diagnosis and management of dementia, emphasizing the importance of early detection and appropriate treatment. Dementia, defined as significant cognitive impairment in two or more domains, affects approximately 47 million people worldwide, with an expected increase to 131 million by 2050. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, affecting 5.8 million people in the US alone. The diagnosis of dementia involves a detailed medical history, cognitive and neurological examinations, laboratory tests, and brain imaging. Non-pharmacologic approaches, such as cognitive and physical activities, socialization, and dietary interventions, are recommended to improve quality of life and delay cognitive decline. Pharmacologic treatments, including acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine, can provide symptomatic relief for AD patients. The article also highlights the importance of managing comorbidities and reducing vascular risk factors to prevent cognitive decline. Additionally, it discusses the role of advanced imaging techniques and biomarkers in differential diagnosis and monitoring treatment efficacy.This article provides a comprehensive review of the diagnosis and management of dementia, emphasizing the importance of early detection and appropriate treatment. Dementia, defined as significant cognitive impairment in two or more domains, affects approximately 47 million people worldwide, with an expected increase to 131 million by 2050. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, affecting 5.8 million people in the US alone. The diagnosis of dementia involves a detailed medical history, cognitive and neurological examinations, laboratory tests, and brain imaging. Non-pharmacologic approaches, such as cognitive and physical activities, socialization, and dietary interventions, are recommended to improve quality of life and delay cognitive decline. Pharmacologic treatments, including acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine, can provide symptomatic relief for AD patients. The article also highlights the importance of managing comorbidities and reducing vascular risk factors to prevent cognitive decline. Additionally, it discusses the role of advanced imaging techniques and biomarkers in differential diagnosis and monitoring treatment efficacy.