the nature portfolio aims to enhance the reproducibility of published research by promoting consistency and transparency in reporting. this summary outlines the reporting guidelines for studies published in nature portfolio journals. for statistical analyses, the following items must be included: exact sample size (n) for each group, whether measurements were taken from distinct samples or repeated measurements, statistical tests used (one- or two-sided), descriptions of covariates, assumptions or corrections (e.g., tests of normality, multiple comparisons), statistical parameters (central tendency, variation, confidence intervals), test statistics (e.g., f, t, r) with p-values, and for bayesian analysis, information on priors and mcmc settings. for hierarchical designs, appropriate levels for tests must be identified. effect sizes (e.g., cohen's d, pearson's r) should be reported. software and code used for data collection and analysis must be described, including versions used or stated if none were used. for custom algorithms or software, code must be made available to editors and reviewers. data availability statements must be included, providing accession codes, unique identifiers, or web links for publicly available datasets, and any restrictions on data availability. for studies involving human participants, their data, or biological material, full approval of the study protocol must be provided in the manuscript. field-specific reporting guidelines are provided for life sciences, behavioural & social sciences, and ecological, evolutionary & environmental sciences. studies must disclose study type, whether data are quantitative, qualitative, or mixed-methods. for ecological, evolutionary & environmental sciences, field work must be disclosed. authors must indicate whether each material, system, or method listed is relevant to their study. this summary is based on the nature portfolio reporting summary guidelines.the nature portfolio aims to enhance the reproducibility of published research by promoting consistency and transparency in reporting. this summary outlines the reporting guidelines for studies published in nature portfolio journals. for statistical analyses, the following items must be included: exact sample size (n) for each group, whether measurements were taken from distinct samples or repeated measurements, statistical tests used (one- or two-sided), descriptions of covariates, assumptions or corrections (e.g., tests of normality, multiple comparisons), statistical parameters (central tendency, variation, confidence intervals), test statistics (e.g., f, t, r) with p-values, and for bayesian analysis, information on priors and mcmc settings. for hierarchical designs, appropriate levels for tests must be identified. effect sizes (e.g., cohen's d, pearson's r) should be reported. software and code used for data collection and analysis must be described, including versions used or stated if none were used. for custom algorithms or software, code must be made available to editors and reviewers. data availability statements must be included, providing accession codes, unique identifiers, or web links for publicly available datasets, and any restrictions on data availability. for studies involving human participants, their data, or biological material, full approval of the study protocol must be provided in the manuscript. field-specific reporting guidelines are provided for life sciences, behavioural & social sciences, and ecological, evolutionary & environmental sciences. studies must disclose study type, whether data are quantitative, qualitative, or mixed-methods. for ecological, evolutionary & environmental sciences, field work must be disclosed. authors must indicate whether each material, system, or method listed is relevant to their study. this summary is based on the nature portfolio reporting summary guidelines.