The study by Dosenbach et al. (2007) investigates the brain's task-control system in humans using resting-state functional connectivity MRI (rs-fMRI). The authors apply graph theory to analyze the interactions between brain regions involved in task control, identifying two distinct networks: the frontoparietal network and the cinguloopercular network. The frontoparietal network, including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and intraparietal sulcus, is associated with start-up and error-related activity, suggesting it plays a role in adaptive control. The cinguloopercular network, encompassing the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex/medial superior frontal cortex, anterior insula/frontal operculum, and anterior prefrontal cortex, shows sustained activity across the entire task epoch, indicating its involvement in stable set-maintenance. These two networks operate on different time scales and affect downstream processing through distinct mechanisms, challenging previous models of a centralized control system. The findings highlight the importance of understanding the dissociable functions of these networks in human cognitive flexibility and executive control.The study by Dosenbach et al. (2007) investigates the brain's task-control system in humans using resting-state functional connectivity MRI (rs-fMRI). The authors apply graph theory to analyze the interactions between brain regions involved in task control, identifying two distinct networks: the frontoparietal network and the cinguloopercular network. The frontoparietal network, including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and intraparietal sulcus, is associated with start-up and error-related activity, suggesting it plays a role in adaptive control. The cinguloopercular network, encompassing the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex/medial superior frontal cortex, anterior insula/frontal operculum, and anterior prefrontal cortex, shows sustained activity across the entire task epoch, indicating its involvement in stable set-maintenance. These two networks operate on different time scales and affect downstream processing through distinct mechanisms, challenging previous models of a centralized control system. The findings highlight the importance of understanding the dissociable functions of these networks in human cognitive flexibility and executive control.