This systematic literature review investigates the factors contributing to dropout rates in online higher education (OHE), analyzing 110 relevant articles published between 2013 and June 2023. The study identifies key factors influencing student attrition, including demographic, course-related, technology-related, motivational, and support-related aspects. Demographic factors such as student skills, knowledge, and health issues significantly impact dropout rates, while course-related factors like online course design, academic preparation, and time management skills also play a critical role. Technology-related factors, including system quality, Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) suitability, and internet connectivity, are essential for student engagement and retention. Motivational factors such as self-efficacy, learner motivation, and student satisfaction are crucial for persistence in online learning. Support-related factors, including academic support, teacher expertise, and institutional resources, are vital for reducing dropout rates. The review highlights that online learning offers flexibility and accessibility but also presents challenges such as screen fatigue, isolation, and technological barriers. Effective strategies to address these issues include improving course design, enhancing technological infrastructure, and providing adequate support services. The findings emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach to online education that considers both positive and negative factors influencing student retention. By understanding these factors, institutions can develop targeted interventions to improve the quality and effectiveness of online learning, ultimately enhancing student success and satisfaction. The study underscores the importance of addressing mental health, academic preparation, and technological access to support students in their online learning journey.This systematic literature review investigates the factors contributing to dropout rates in online higher education (OHE), analyzing 110 relevant articles published between 2013 and June 2023. The study identifies key factors influencing student attrition, including demographic, course-related, technology-related, motivational, and support-related aspects. Demographic factors such as student skills, knowledge, and health issues significantly impact dropout rates, while course-related factors like online course design, academic preparation, and time management skills also play a critical role. Technology-related factors, including system quality, Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) suitability, and internet connectivity, are essential for student engagement and retention. Motivational factors such as self-efficacy, learner motivation, and student satisfaction are crucial for persistence in online learning. Support-related factors, including academic support, teacher expertise, and institutional resources, are vital for reducing dropout rates. The review highlights that online learning offers flexibility and accessibility but also presents challenges such as screen fatigue, isolation, and technological barriers. Effective strategies to address these issues include improving course design, enhancing technological infrastructure, and providing adequate support services. The findings emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach to online education that considers both positive and negative factors influencing student retention. By understanding these factors, institutions can develop targeted interventions to improve the quality and effectiveness of online learning, ultimately enhancing student success and satisfaction. The study underscores the importance of addressing mental health, academic preparation, and technological access to support students in their online learning journey.