This review summarizes the metabolic adjustments and regulatory networks in plants under drought, salt, and temperature stress. Plants face various abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures, which can delay growth, reduce productivity, and even cause plant death. Stress responses involve complex interactions between different regulatory levels, including adjustments in metabolism and gene expression for physiological and morphological adaptation. Drought, salinity, and low temperature stress induce osmotic stress, leading to turgor loss, membrane disorganization, protein denaturation, and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). These conditions impair photosynthesis, metabolic function, and cellular structures, contributing to growth disturbances, reduced fertility, and premature senescence. Different plant species have varying tolerances to these stresses, with some using stress avoidance strategies and others relying on stress tolerance. Metabolic responses to stress include the accumulation of compatible solutes such as proline, glycine betaine, and various amino acids, which help stabilize proteins and cellular structures, maintain cell turgor, and scavenge ROS. Proline is synthesized from glutamate via a series of enzymatic reactions and is degraded in mitochondria. Overexpression of key enzymes involved in proline biosynthesis enhances salt and drought tolerance, while reduced expression impairs stress tolerance. GABA metabolism is also involved in stress tolerance, with GABA being synthesized from glutamate and converted into succinate, which enters the TCA cycle. GABA shunts are important for stress tolerance, and salt stress enhances the activity of enzymes involved in GABA metabolism. Mutants defective in GABA metabolism show hypersensitivity to stress. Polyamines, such as putrescine, spermidine, and spermine, play a role in protecting membranes and alleviating oxidative stress. Transgenic plants with altered polyamine metabolism show enhanced stress tolerance. Glycine betaine is a quaternary ammonium compound that helps stabilize membranes and mitigate oxidative damage, and its accumulation is enhanced under stress conditions. Carbohydrates such as starch, fructans, and trehalose are involved in osmotic adjustment and stress tolerance. Starch is a major storage carbohydrate, while fructans are synthesized in the vacuole and help stabilize membranes. Trehalose is a non-reducing disaccharide that functions as an osmolyte and stabilizes proteins and membranes. Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) are involved in membrane protection and radical scavenging. Overexpression of genes involved in RFO biosynthesis enhances drought and salinity tolerance. Polyols such as mannitol and sorbitol are involved in stabilizing macromolecules and scavenging hydroxyl radicals, contributing to stress tolerance. Metabolic responses to stress are dynamic and multifaceted, influenced by the type and strength of the stress, as well as the plant species and cultivar. Recent advances in metabolic profiling have revealed the complexityThis review summarizes the metabolic adjustments and regulatory networks in plants under drought, salt, and temperature stress. Plants face various abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures, which can delay growth, reduce productivity, and even cause plant death. Stress responses involve complex interactions between different regulatory levels, including adjustments in metabolism and gene expression for physiological and morphological adaptation. Drought, salinity, and low temperature stress induce osmotic stress, leading to turgor loss, membrane disorganization, protein denaturation, and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). These conditions impair photosynthesis, metabolic function, and cellular structures, contributing to growth disturbances, reduced fertility, and premature senescence. Different plant species have varying tolerances to these stresses, with some using stress avoidance strategies and others relying on stress tolerance. Metabolic responses to stress include the accumulation of compatible solutes such as proline, glycine betaine, and various amino acids, which help stabilize proteins and cellular structures, maintain cell turgor, and scavenge ROS. Proline is synthesized from glutamate via a series of enzymatic reactions and is degraded in mitochondria. Overexpression of key enzymes involved in proline biosynthesis enhances salt and drought tolerance, while reduced expression impairs stress tolerance. GABA metabolism is also involved in stress tolerance, with GABA being synthesized from glutamate and converted into succinate, which enters the TCA cycle. GABA shunts are important for stress tolerance, and salt stress enhances the activity of enzymes involved in GABA metabolism. Mutants defective in GABA metabolism show hypersensitivity to stress. Polyamines, such as putrescine, spermidine, and spermine, play a role in protecting membranes and alleviating oxidative stress. Transgenic plants with altered polyamine metabolism show enhanced stress tolerance. Glycine betaine is a quaternary ammonium compound that helps stabilize membranes and mitigate oxidative damage, and its accumulation is enhanced under stress conditions. Carbohydrates such as starch, fructans, and trehalose are involved in osmotic adjustment and stress tolerance. Starch is a major storage carbohydrate, while fructans are synthesized in the vacuole and help stabilize membranes. Trehalose is a non-reducing disaccharide that functions as an osmolyte and stabilizes proteins and membranes. Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) are involved in membrane protection and radical scavenging. Overexpression of genes involved in RFO biosynthesis enhances drought and salinity tolerance. Polyols such as mannitol and sorbitol are involved in stabilizing macromolecules and scavenging hydroxyl radicals, contributing to stress tolerance. Metabolic responses to stress are dynamic and multifaceted, influenced by the type and strength of the stress, as well as the plant species and cultivar. Recent advances in metabolic profiling have revealed the complexity