The article reviews the removal, recovery, and reuse of dyes and heavy metals from wastewater. The increasing use of cosmetics, textiles, printing, automobiles, pesticides, and other industries has led to a rise in the release of heavy metals and dyes, which have contaminated water sources and adversely affected human and aquatic life. Conventional treatment methods have been used for the recovery of dyes and heavy metals, but recent research has developed advanced, environmentally friendly techniques for their removal and recovery, as well as for the reuse of treated wastewater. These techniques include nanotechnology, smart membranes, natural adsorbents, advanced oxidation, biological methods, and hybrid electrochemical processes. The review highlights the need for further research and development to implement these methods at a larger scale in industries. It also emphasizes the importance of developing hybrid methods to improve the efficiency of dye and heavy metal removal and recovery. The review discusses various conventional and novel methods, their advantages and disadvantages, and the technical and economic considerations before adopting them for the purpose of removing, recovering, and reusing dyes and heavy metals from wastewater. The article also notes that the contamination of freshwater sources has led to the degradation of water quality, which has entered the food chain and caused teratogenic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic effects in humans. Heavy metals are hazardous due to their non-biodegradability and persistence, and their toxicity is observed even away from the sources of pollution. They cause biomagnification and bioaccumulation in aquatic ecosystems. Dyes from textile processes and other industries also contribute to water pollution, leading to foul odours and colouring of water bodies, which threaten aquatic life. The article concludes that the development of effective and efficient methods for the removal, recovery, and reuse of dyes and heavy metals is essential for environmental protection and sustainable water management.The article reviews the removal, recovery, and reuse of dyes and heavy metals from wastewater. The increasing use of cosmetics, textiles, printing, automobiles, pesticides, and other industries has led to a rise in the release of heavy metals and dyes, which have contaminated water sources and adversely affected human and aquatic life. Conventional treatment methods have been used for the recovery of dyes and heavy metals, but recent research has developed advanced, environmentally friendly techniques for their removal and recovery, as well as for the reuse of treated wastewater. These techniques include nanotechnology, smart membranes, natural adsorbents, advanced oxidation, biological methods, and hybrid electrochemical processes. The review highlights the need for further research and development to implement these methods at a larger scale in industries. It also emphasizes the importance of developing hybrid methods to improve the efficiency of dye and heavy metal removal and recovery. The review discusses various conventional and novel methods, their advantages and disadvantages, and the technical and economic considerations before adopting them for the purpose of removing, recovering, and reusing dyes and heavy metals from wastewater. The article also notes that the contamination of freshwater sources has led to the degradation of water quality, which has entered the food chain and caused teratogenic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic effects in humans. Heavy metals are hazardous due to their non-biodegradability and persistence, and their toxicity is observed even away from the sources of pollution. They cause biomagnification and bioaccumulation in aquatic ecosystems. Dyes from textile processes and other industries also contribute to water pollution, leading to foul odours and colouring of water bodies, which threaten aquatic life. The article concludes that the development of effective and efficient methods for the removal, recovery, and reuse of dyes and heavy metals is essential for environmental protection and sustainable water management.