The chapter "Dyes and Heavy Metals: Removal, Recovery, and Wastewater Reuse" by Manali Date and Dipika Jaspal reviews the increasing environmental challenges posed by the release of heavy metals and dyes from various industries. The contamination of water sources with these pollutants has severely impacted human health and aquatic ecosystems. The paper discusses conventional and novel treatment methods, including nanotechnology, smart membrane techniques, natural adsorbents, advanced oxidation processes, biological approaches, and hybrid electrochemical methods. These technologies show significant potential for removing and recovering dyes and heavy metals, as well as reusing treated wastewater. The review highlights the need for further research and development to scale up these methods for practical industrial applications and to enhance their efficiency in removing and recovering contaminants. The introduction emphasizes the broader context of environmental degradation due to industrial activities and the specific issues related to heavy metal and dye contamination, including their persistence, bioaccumulation, and impact on aquatic ecosystems.The chapter "Dyes and Heavy Metals: Removal, Recovery, and Wastewater Reuse" by Manali Date and Dipika Jaspal reviews the increasing environmental challenges posed by the release of heavy metals and dyes from various industries. The contamination of water sources with these pollutants has severely impacted human health and aquatic ecosystems. The paper discusses conventional and novel treatment methods, including nanotechnology, smart membrane techniques, natural adsorbents, advanced oxidation processes, biological approaches, and hybrid electrochemical methods. These technologies show significant potential for removing and recovering dyes and heavy metals, as well as reusing treated wastewater. The review highlights the need for further research and development to scale up these methods for practical industrial applications and to enhance their efficiency in removing and recovering contaminants. The introduction emphasizes the broader context of environmental degradation due to industrial activities and the specific issues related to heavy metal and dye contamination, including their persistence, bioaccumulation, and impact on aquatic ecosystems.