The article reviews the bioactive compounds and agronomy of Echinacea, focusing on E. purpurea, E. angustifolia, and E. pallida. Echinacea is a medicinal plant with immunological, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties. It contains various secondary metabolites, including alkylamides, caffeic acid derivatives (CADs), flavonoids, and polysaccharides, which contribute to its pharmacological effects. Alkylamides are key bioactive compounds, showing immunomodulatory, antibacterial, and antiviral activities. CADs, such as chicoric acid and echinacoside, have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Flavonoids like quercetin and kaempferol also contribute to the plant's health benefits. Polysaccharides exhibit antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects. Echinacea has significant neuroprotective and anticancer properties. Echinacoside, a key compound, protects neurons and exhibits anticancer activity by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting tumor growth. It also shows liver-protective effects by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. Echinacea's potential as a therapeutic agent is supported by its ability to modulate signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT, Wnt/β-catenin, and TGF-β1/Smad. Recent advances in biotechnology include genetic engineering, phylogenetic analysis, and in vitro propagation techniques for Echinacea. These methods aim to improve cultivation efficiency and enhance the production of bioactive compounds. Stress conditions, such as salinity and temperature extremes, can increase the synthesis of secondary metabolites, offering opportunities for optimizing large-scale farming. The study highlights the importance of understanding the factors influencing the biosynthesis of these compounds and the need for further research to fully harness Echinacea's therapeutic potential.The article reviews the bioactive compounds and agronomy of Echinacea, focusing on E. purpurea, E. angustifolia, and E. pallida. Echinacea is a medicinal plant with immunological, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties. It contains various secondary metabolites, including alkylamides, caffeic acid derivatives (CADs), flavonoids, and polysaccharides, which contribute to its pharmacological effects. Alkylamides are key bioactive compounds, showing immunomodulatory, antibacterial, and antiviral activities. CADs, such as chicoric acid and echinacoside, have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Flavonoids like quercetin and kaempferol also contribute to the plant's health benefits. Polysaccharides exhibit antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects. Echinacea has significant neuroprotective and anticancer properties. Echinacoside, a key compound, protects neurons and exhibits anticancer activity by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting tumor growth. It also shows liver-protective effects by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. Echinacea's potential as a therapeutic agent is supported by its ability to modulate signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT, Wnt/β-catenin, and TGF-β1/Smad. Recent advances in biotechnology include genetic engineering, phylogenetic analysis, and in vitro propagation techniques for Echinacea. These methods aim to improve cultivation efficiency and enhance the production of bioactive compounds. Stress conditions, such as salinity and temperature extremes, can increase the synthesis of secondary metabolites, offering opportunities for optimizing large-scale farming. The study highlights the importance of understanding the factors influencing the biosynthesis of these compounds and the need for further research to fully harness Echinacea's therapeutic potential.