Eco-evolutionary dynamics refer to the interconnectedness of ecological and evolutionary processes, which can occur on the same time-scale. Recent theoretical and empirical studies show that ecological changes can lead to rapid evolutionary changes, and vice versa. This integration of ecology and evolution is crucial for understanding biodiversity. The article reviews historical developments, including examples like the peppered moth, and discusses how ecological and evolutionary processes influence each other at various levels, from individual traits to community and ecosystem dynamics. It highlights the importance of studying these interactions to better understand how evolution affects ecological processes and how ecological changes influence evolution. Challenges include quantifying these dynamics, identifying key factors, and overcoming traditional views that separate ecology and evolution. The article emphasizes the need for further research to explore these interactions and their implications for biodiversity.Eco-evolutionary dynamics refer to the interconnectedness of ecological and evolutionary processes, which can occur on the same time-scale. Recent theoretical and empirical studies show that ecological changes can lead to rapid evolutionary changes, and vice versa. This integration of ecology and evolution is crucial for understanding biodiversity. The article reviews historical developments, including examples like the peppered moth, and discusses how ecological and evolutionary processes influence each other at various levels, from individual traits to community and ecosystem dynamics. It highlights the importance of studying these interactions to better understand how evolution affects ecological processes and how ecological changes influence evolution. Challenges include quantifying these dynamics, identifying key factors, and overcoming traditional views that separate ecology and evolution. The article emphasizes the need for further research to explore these interactions and their implications for biodiversity.