Eco-friendly bio-nanocomposites are innovative materials combining biopolymers with nanoscale fillers, offering enhanced mechanical strength, thermal stability, and biocompatibility. These materials are ideal for biomedical applications such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, and diagnostic imaging due to their biodegradability and non-toxic nature, which minimize environmental impact. They are used in various biomedical fields, including antimicrobial agents, drug carriers, tissue regeneration, wound care, dentistry, bioimaging, and bone filler. The review discusses the production techniques, applications, challenges, and future prospects of bio-nanocomposites. Key components include nanoparticles, silica layers, biopolymers like chitosan, alginate, cellulose, starch, collagen, gelatin, and pullulan, as well as polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) and polylactic acid (PLA). These materials are synthesized using methods such as solution intercalation, melt intercalation, in situ intercalative polymerisation, template synthesis, double emulsion solvent evaporation, and electrospinning. Bio-nanocomposites have diverse applications, including antimicrobial and anticancer treatments, drug delivery systems, wound dressings, tissue engineering scaffolds, anti-anaemia treatments, and dental applications. They also show potential in bioimaging and biosensors. The review highlights the importance of bio-nanocomposites in sustainable biomedical advancements, emphasizing their eco-friendly properties and potential for future healthcare applications.Eco-friendly bio-nanocomposites are innovative materials combining biopolymers with nanoscale fillers, offering enhanced mechanical strength, thermal stability, and biocompatibility. These materials are ideal for biomedical applications such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, and diagnostic imaging due to their biodegradability and non-toxic nature, which minimize environmental impact. They are used in various biomedical fields, including antimicrobial agents, drug carriers, tissue regeneration, wound care, dentistry, bioimaging, and bone filler. The review discusses the production techniques, applications, challenges, and future prospects of bio-nanocomposites. Key components include nanoparticles, silica layers, biopolymers like chitosan, alginate, cellulose, starch, collagen, gelatin, and pullulan, as well as polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) and polylactic acid (PLA). These materials are synthesized using methods such as solution intercalation, melt intercalation, in situ intercalative polymerisation, template synthesis, double emulsion solvent evaporation, and electrospinning. Bio-nanocomposites have diverse applications, including antimicrobial and anticancer treatments, drug delivery systems, wound dressings, tissue engineering scaffolds, anti-anaemia treatments, and dental applications. They also show potential in bioimaging and biosensors. The review highlights the importance of bio-nanocomposites in sustainable biomedical advancements, emphasizing their eco-friendly properties and potential for future healthcare applications.