Agricultural ecosystems provide essential services such as food, forage, bioenergy, and pharmaceuticals, but they also rely on ecosystem services from natural ecosystems, including pollination, pest control, soil fertility, and water regulation. These services are often undervalued, but their importance is growing. Agroecosystems can also provide regulating and cultural services, such as carbon sequestration, water quality control, and scenic beauty. However, agriculture can also generate disservices, including habitat loss, nutrient runoff, and greenhouse gas emissions. The trade-offs between these services depend on spatial and temporal scales and reversibility. Effective valuation methods can help identify 'win-win' scenarios, but appropriate management is crucial to maximize benefits and reduce negative impacts. Agriculture is a dominant land use, covering 40% of Earth's terrestrial surface. Agroecosystems are both providers and consumers of ecosystem services, with provisioning services being the primary focus. However, they also contribute to regulating and cultural services. Management practices influence the provision of these services, and appropriate practices can enhance them. Agricultural activities can also lead to disservices, but these can be mitigated through better management. Ecosystem services are valued through market and non-market approaches. Market valuation is straightforward for provisioning services, while non-market valuation uses surveys and revealed preferences. Policies and incentives, such as payments for environmental services, can encourage sustainable practices. However, these programs have had mixed success in improving biodiversity and reducing negative impacts. Ecosystem services flowing to agriculture include biological pest control, pollination, water quantity and quality, and soil structure and fertility. These services are crucial for agricultural productivity, but their value is often underestimated. For example, biological pest control services can save billions annually, while pollination services are vital for food production. Water availability is also critical, with agriculture accounting for 70% of global water use. Soil structure and fertility are essential for nutrient acquisition and water retention. Agriculture can also generate disservices, such as nutrient pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. These impacts are often externalized, with costs borne by society rather than the agricultural sector. Addressing these issues requires integrating ecosystem services into agricultural practices and policies. Trade-offs between ecosystem services are complex and depend on spatial and temporal scales. Management decisions often focus on immediate benefits, but long-term sustainability requires balancing these trade-offs. Biophysical and socioeconomic factors influence the value and provision of ecosystem services, making it challenging to design effective policies. Farmers have direct interests in managing services like soil fertility and pollination, but larger-scale benefits may accrue to others. Landscape complexity can enhance ecosystem services, but it is often overlooked in agricultural planning. Overall, sustainable agriculture requires balancing ecosystem services and disservices through informed management and policy.Agricultural ecosystems provide essential services such as food, forage, bioenergy, and pharmaceuticals, but they also rely on ecosystem services from natural ecosystems, including pollination, pest control, soil fertility, and water regulation. These services are often undervalued, but their importance is growing. Agroecosystems can also provide regulating and cultural services, such as carbon sequestration, water quality control, and scenic beauty. However, agriculture can also generate disservices, including habitat loss, nutrient runoff, and greenhouse gas emissions. The trade-offs between these services depend on spatial and temporal scales and reversibility. Effective valuation methods can help identify 'win-win' scenarios, but appropriate management is crucial to maximize benefits and reduce negative impacts. Agriculture is a dominant land use, covering 40% of Earth's terrestrial surface. Agroecosystems are both providers and consumers of ecosystem services, with provisioning services being the primary focus. However, they also contribute to regulating and cultural services. Management practices influence the provision of these services, and appropriate practices can enhance them. Agricultural activities can also lead to disservices, but these can be mitigated through better management. Ecosystem services are valued through market and non-market approaches. Market valuation is straightforward for provisioning services, while non-market valuation uses surveys and revealed preferences. Policies and incentives, such as payments for environmental services, can encourage sustainable practices. However, these programs have had mixed success in improving biodiversity and reducing negative impacts. Ecosystem services flowing to agriculture include biological pest control, pollination, water quantity and quality, and soil structure and fertility. These services are crucial for agricultural productivity, but their value is often underestimated. For example, biological pest control services can save billions annually, while pollination services are vital for food production. Water availability is also critical, with agriculture accounting for 70% of global water use. Soil structure and fertility are essential for nutrient acquisition and water retention. Agriculture can also generate disservices, such as nutrient pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. These impacts are often externalized, with costs borne by society rather than the agricultural sector. Addressing these issues requires integrating ecosystem services into agricultural practices and policies. Trade-offs between ecosystem services are complex and depend on spatial and temporal scales. Management decisions often focus on immediate benefits, but long-term sustainability requires balancing these trade-offs. Biophysical and socioeconomic factors influence the value and provision of ecosystem services, making it challenging to design effective policies. Farmers have direct interests in managing services like soil fertility and pollination, but larger-scale benefits may accrue to others. Landscape complexity can enhance ecosystem services, but it is often overlooked in agricultural planning. Overall, sustainable agriculture requires balancing ecosystem services and disservices through informed management and policy.