This article, titled "Effects of Involvement on Persuasion: A Meta-Analysis," by Blair T. Johnson and Alice H. Eagly, explores the impact of involvement on attitude change in the context of persuasion. Involvement is defined as a motivational state induced by the association between an activated attitude and the self-concept. The authors identify three types of involvement: value-relevant, outcome-relevant, and impression-relevant. Value-relevant involvement refers to attitudes linked to enduring values, outcome-relevant involvement to attitudes linked to desirable outcomes, and impression-relevant involvement to attitudes linked to how one presents themselves to others. The study found that: 1. **Value-Relevant Involvement**: High-involvement subjects were less persuaded than low-involvement subjects. 2. **Outcome-Relevant Involvement**: High-involvement subjects were more persuaded by strong arguments but less persuaded by weak arguments. 3. **Impression-Relevant Involvement**: High-involvement subjects were slightly less persuaded than low-involvement subjects. The authors also discuss the historical development of the concept of involvement, tracing it back to M. Sherif and Cantril's work in the 1940s. They highlight the contributions of various researchers, including Zimbardo, Chaiken, and Petty & Cacioppo, who have contributed to the understanding of involvement in persuasion. The meta-analysis includes a comprehensive review of studies that manipulated or assessed message recipients' involvement and related it to the persuasion induced by a communication. The analysis is limited to studies where message recipients were exposed to communications consisting of a position advocated by a communicator and one or more arguments designed to support the position. The study concludes by emphasizing the importance of distinguishing between the three types of involvement and their distinct effects on persuasion.This article, titled "Effects of Involvement on Persuasion: A Meta-Analysis," by Blair T. Johnson and Alice H. Eagly, explores the impact of involvement on attitude change in the context of persuasion. Involvement is defined as a motivational state induced by the association between an activated attitude and the self-concept. The authors identify three types of involvement: value-relevant, outcome-relevant, and impression-relevant. Value-relevant involvement refers to attitudes linked to enduring values, outcome-relevant involvement to attitudes linked to desirable outcomes, and impression-relevant involvement to attitudes linked to how one presents themselves to others. The study found that: 1. **Value-Relevant Involvement**: High-involvement subjects were less persuaded than low-involvement subjects. 2. **Outcome-Relevant Involvement**: High-involvement subjects were more persuaded by strong arguments but less persuaded by weak arguments. 3. **Impression-Relevant Involvement**: High-involvement subjects were slightly less persuaded than low-involvement subjects. The authors also discuss the historical development of the concept of involvement, tracing it back to M. Sherif and Cantril's work in the 1940s. They highlight the contributions of various researchers, including Zimbardo, Chaiken, and Petty & Cacioppo, who have contributed to the understanding of involvement in persuasion. The meta-analysis includes a comprehensive review of studies that manipulated or assessed message recipients' involvement and related it to the persuasion induced by a communication. The analysis is limited to studies where message recipients were exposed to communications consisting of a position advocated by a communicator and one or more arguments designed to support the position. The study concludes by emphasizing the importance of distinguishing between the three types of involvement and their distinct effects on persuasion.