This study investigates the electric potential (EP) response of coal under stress wave loading, using a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) and EP acquisition systems. The research focuses on monitoring the EP signals induced by coal deformation and rupture, which is crucial for ensuring the safety of underground engineering under extreme load and stress wave conditions. Key findings include: 1. **EP Signal Response**: Under stress waves, coal generates significant EP signals that correspond well to each stage of the stress wave. The EP and stress wave signals exhibit a strong linear relationship during the rising phase of the stress wave. 2. **Signal Dynamics**: During the descent of the stress wave, the EP decreases exponentially with time, showing a gradual decrease in the rate of EP decrease. The cumulative charge growth at each stage follows a "stable-surging-stable" trend. 3. **Mechanism of EP Signal Creation**: Dislocation charged movement causes local polarization within the coal, while crack propagation leads to charge separation and free charge generation. These mechanisms explain the EP signal creation caused by stress waves. 4. **Mathematical Model**: A mathematical model is derived to link charge density and dynamic load stress, indicating a strong positive correlation between the two parameters. The results enhance the understanding of coal seam stability through EP response and provide valuable insights for improving disaster prediction and monitoring in underground engineering.This study investigates the electric potential (EP) response of coal under stress wave loading, using a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) and EP acquisition systems. The research focuses on monitoring the EP signals induced by coal deformation and rupture, which is crucial for ensuring the safety of underground engineering under extreme load and stress wave conditions. Key findings include: 1. **EP Signal Response**: Under stress waves, coal generates significant EP signals that correspond well to each stage of the stress wave. The EP and stress wave signals exhibit a strong linear relationship during the rising phase of the stress wave. 2. **Signal Dynamics**: During the descent of the stress wave, the EP decreases exponentially with time, showing a gradual decrease in the rate of EP decrease. The cumulative charge growth at each stage follows a "stable-surging-stable" trend. 3. **Mechanism of EP Signal Creation**: Dislocation charged movement causes local polarization within the coal, while crack propagation leads to charge separation and free charge generation. These mechanisms explain the EP signal creation caused by stress waves. 4. **Mathematical Model**: A mathematical model is derived to link charge density and dynamic load stress, indicating a strong positive correlation between the two parameters. The results enhance the understanding of coal seam stability through EP response and provide valuable insights for improving disaster prediction and monitoring in underground engineering.