This review summarizes recent advances in electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on nanomaterials and nanostructures from 2013 to 2014. The article discusses various types of sensors, including nonenzymatic sensors for small molecules, enzyme-based biosensors, genosensors, immunosensors, and cytosensors. It highlights the use of nanomaterials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and metal nanoparticles to enhance the sensitivity, selectivity, and performance of these sensors. The review emphasizes the importance of nanomaterials in improving the electrochemical signal amplification and the integration of recognition elements with electronic elements to develop high-performance biosensors. It also discusses the development of new methods for DNA detection, the use of nanomaterials for signal amplification, and the application of electrochemical techniques in the detection of various biological and chemical species. The review covers a wide range of topics, including the design of DNA probes, enzyme-based amplification, and the use of nanomaterials to enhance signal amplification. It also discusses the challenges and opportunities in the development of electrochemical biosensors, as well as the potential applications in various fields such as medicine, environmental monitoring, and food safety. The review concludes with a discussion of the future directions in the development of electrochemical sensors and biosensors, emphasizing the need for further research in miniaturization, integration, and the improvement of sensor performance.This review summarizes recent advances in electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on nanomaterials and nanostructures from 2013 to 2014. The article discusses various types of sensors, including nonenzymatic sensors for small molecules, enzyme-based biosensors, genosensors, immunosensors, and cytosensors. It highlights the use of nanomaterials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and metal nanoparticles to enhance the sensitivity, selectivity, and performance of these sensors. The review emphasizes the importance of nanomaterials in improving the electrochemical signal amplification and the integration of recognition elements with electronic elements to develop high-performance biosensors. It also discusses the development of new methods for DNA detection, the use of nanomaterials for signal amplification, and the application of electrochemical techniques in the detection of various biological and chemical species. The review covers a wide range of topics, including the design of DNA probes, enzyme-based amplification, and the use of nanomaterials to enhance signal amplification. It also discusses the challenges and opportunities in the development of electrochemical biosensors, as well as the potential applications in various fields such as medicine, environmental monitoring, and food safety. The review concludes with a discussion of the future directions in the development of electrochemical sensors and biosensors, emphasizing the need for further research in miniaturization, integration, and the improvement of sensor performance.