Electrospinning is a versatile technique for generating ultrathin fibers, with significant advancements in methods and applications over the past two decades. This review provides a comprehensive overview of electrospinning, covering its principles, methods, materials, and applications. The technique involves an electrohydrodynamic process where a liquid droplet is electrified to form a jet, which is then stretched and elongated to produce fibers. Key components include a high-voltage power supply, a syringe pump, a spinneret, and a conductive collector. The process can be divided into four steps: charging the liquid droplet, forming a Taylor cone, extending the charged jet, thinning the jet due to bending instabilities, and solidifying the jet on the collector. Various materials, including organic polymers, small molecules, and composite materials, can be electrospun. The success of electrospinning depends on parameters such as applied voltage, flow rate, and distance between the spinneret and collector. Electrospun nanofibers have found applications in filtration, catalysis, energy storage, and biomedical scaffolds. The review highlights recent advances and discusses challenges and future directions, including scale-up production and commercial products.Electrospinning is a versatile technique for generating ultrathin fibers, with significant advancements in methods and applications over the past two decades. This review provides a comprehensive overview of electrospinning, covering its principles, methods, materials, and applications. The technique involves an electrohydrodynamic process where a liquid droplet is electrified to form a jet, which is then stretched and elongated to produce fibers. Key components include a high-voltage power supply, a syringe pump, a spinneret, and a conductive collector. The process can be divided into four steps: charging the liquid droplet, forming a Taylor cone, extending the charged jet, thinning the jet due to bending instabilities, and solidifying the jet on the collector. Various materials, including organic polymers, small molecules, and composite materials, can be electrospun. The success of electrospinning depends on parameters such as applied voltage, flow rate, and distance between the spinneret and collector. Electrospun nanofibers have found applications in filtration, catalysis, energy storage, and biomedical scaffolds. The review highlights recent advances and discusses challenges and future directions, including scale-up production and commercial products.