Engineered T cells from induced pluripotent stem cells: from research towards clinical implementation

Engineered T cells from induced pluripotent stem cells: from research towards clinical implementation

12 January 2024 | Ratchapong Netsrithong, Laura Garcia-Perez, Maria Themeli
Engineered T cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a promising advancement in adoptive cell therapy, offering potential solutions to the limitations of conventional methods. iPSCs provide an off-the-shelf source of therapeutic T cells with the ability for unlimited expansion and genetic modification to ensure hypo-immunogenicity and introduce specific therapeutic functions, such as antigen specificity through chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). The genetic engineering of iPSCs allows for the generation of fully modified clonal lines that can be rigorously assessed for safety. However, current protocols for genetic engineering and differentiation vary in efficiency and often contain non-compliant components, making them unsuitable for clinical use. This review highlights the progress in generating functional engineered T cells from iPSCs over the past decade, emphasizing alignment with good manufacturing practice (GMP) standards, scalability, safety measures, and quality controls, which are essential for clinical application. The focus on iPSC as a source promises standardized, scalable, and potentially safer production of engineered T cells, which could extend hope to a broader spectrum of patients and diseases. The review also discusses the challenges in generating iPSC clones, including the reprogramming process, the use of universally applicable iPSC clones, the expression of CAR transgenes, gene editing techniques, and safeguard systems. Additionally, the considerations for cGMP generation of engineered iPSC clones, including the use of defined, xeno-free, serum-free, and animal origin-free culture environments, are discussed. The differentiation of iPSCs into hematopoietic cells, including T lymphocytes, is also covered, highlighting the physiological developmental processes and the use of various methods to generate hematopoietic progenitors. The review concludes with the considerations for cGMP differentiation of iPSCs into iT cells, emphasizing the need for defined, xeno-free, and serum-free conditions, as well as the use of feeder-free and serum-free monolayer methods to derive hematopoietic cells. The review also discusses the challenges in generating T cells from iPSCs, including the use of murine feeder cells and the development of human feeder cell systems. Overall, the review highlights the potential of iPSC-derived T cells in clinical applications, emphasizing the need for rigorous quality control, safety measures, and adherence to GMP standards.Engineered T cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a promising advancement in adoptive cell therapy, offering potential solutions to the limitations of conventional methods. iPSCs provide an off-the-shelf source of therapeutic T cells with the ability for unlimited expansion and genetic modification to ensure hypo-immunogenicity and introduce specific therapeutic functions, such as antigen specificity through chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). The genetic engineering of iPSCs allows for the generation of fully modified clonal lines that can be rigorously assessed for safety. However, current protocols for genetic engineering and differentiation vary in efficiency and often contain non-compliant components, making them unsuitable for clinical use. This review highlights the progress in generating functional engineered T cells from iPSCs over the past decade, emphasizing alignment with good manufacturing practice (GMP) standards, scalability, safety measures, and quality controls, which are essential for clinical application. The focus on iPSC as a source promises standardized, scalable, and potentially safer production of engineered T cells, which could extend hope to a broader spectrum of patients and diseases. The review also discusses the challenges in generating iPSC clones, including the reprogramming process, the use of universally applicable iPSC clones, the expression of CAR transgenes, gene editing techniques, and safeguard systems. Additionally, the considerations for cGMP generation of engineered iPSC clones, including the use of defined, xeno-free, serum-free, and animal origin-free culture environments, are discussed. The differentiation of iPSCs into hematopoietic cells, including T lymphocytes, is also covered, highlighting the physiological developmental processes and the use of various methods to generate hematopoietic progenitors. The review concludes with the considerations for cGMP differentiation of iPSCs into iT cells, emphasizing the need for defined, xeno-free, and serum-free conditions, as well as the use of feeder-free and serum-free monolayer methods to derive hematopoietic cells. The review also discusses the challenges in generating T cells from iPSCs, including the use of murine feeder cells and the development of human feeder cell systems. Overall, the review highlights the potential of iPSC-derived T cells in clinical applications, emphasizing the need for rigorous quality control, safety measures, and adherence to GMP standards.
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