Nanovaccines have gained significant attention for their potential to elicit tumor-specific immunological responses, addressing challenges such as low delivery efficiency, limited targeting ability, and suboptimal efficacy in cancer immunotherapy. Customized nanovaccines, through modification or functionalization, enhance antigen presentation and modulate immunosuppression within the tumor microenvironment. These vaccines are characterized by diverse sizes, shapes, charges, structures, and unique physicochemical properties, along with targeting ligands, facilitating lymph node accumulation and immune cell activation/regulation. This review highlights the potential of bespoke nanovaccines in both prophylactic and therapeutic applications, emphasizing their role in advancing cancer immunotherapy. The article also discusses the engineering of customized nanovaccines, including inorganic, polymeric, and biomimetic nanovaccines, detailing their design, fabrication, and mechanisms of action.Nanovaccines have gained significant attention for their potential to elicit tumor-specific immunological responses, addressing challenges such as low delivery efficiency, limited targeting ability, and suboptimal efficacy in cancer immunotherapy. Customized nanovaccines, through modification or functionalization, enhance antigen presentation and modulate immunosuppression within the tumor microenvironment. These vaccines are characterized by diverse sizes, shapes, charges, structures, and unique physicochemical properties, along with targeting ligands, facilitating lymph node accumulation and immune cell activation/regulation. This review highlights the potential of bespoke nanovaccines in both prophylactic and therapeutic applications, emphasizing their role in advancing cancer immunotherapy. The article also discusses the engineering of customized nanovaccines, including inorganic, polymeric, and biomimetic nanovaccines, detailing their design, fabrication, and mechanisms of action.