Customized nanovaccines represent a promising approach in enhancing cancer immunotherapy by addressing challenges such as low delivery efficiency, limited targeting ability, and suboptimal efficacy. These nanovaccines are engineered with tailored structures, ligands, and physicochemical properties to improve antigen presentation, modulate immunosuppression, and facilitate lymph node accumulation and immune cell activation. They exhibit diverse sizes, shapes, charges, and targeting ligands, enabling precise delivery and enhanced immune responses. The review highlights the potential of customized nanovaccines in both prophylactic and therapeutic applications, emphasizing their role in cancer immunotherapy. Inorganic nanovaccines, such as hollow structures, core-shell structures, and nanosheets, offer unique advantages in antigen delivery and immune modulation. Hollow structures provide large cavities for antigen encapsulation, while core-shell structures enable controlled release and enhanced antigen presentation. Nanosheets, with their high surface area and mechanical properties, facilitate efficient drug delivery and immune activation. Polymeric nanovaccines, including micelles and nanogels, are designed for their biocompatibility, adjustable properties, and ability to deliver antigens and adjuvants. Micelles, formed from amphiphilic block copolymers, exhibit targeted delivery and enhanced cellular uptake. Nanogels, with their three-dimensional polymeric networks, enable sustained release of therapeutic agents and improved immune responses. Biomimetic nanovaccines, such as vesicle-like, nanodisc, and virus-like structures, mimic natural biological systems to enhance antigen delivery and immune activation. These nanovaccines leverage the unique properties of cell membranes and extracellular vesicles to improve targeting and immunomodulatory effects. For example, exosome-based vaccines can activate T cells and modulate immune responses, while nanodiscs derived from tumor cell membranes enhance antigen-specific immune responses. The review underscores the importance of tailored nanovaccines in overcoming the limitations of conventional vaccines and improving cancer immunotherapy. By engineering customized nanovaccines with specific structures, ligands, and physicochemical properties, researchers aim to enhance antigen presentation, modulate immunosuppression, and achieve more effective cancer treatment. The development of these nanovaccines requires careful consideration of their design, functionality, and potential applications in clinical settings.Customized nanovaccines represent a promising approach in enhancing cancer immunotherapy by addressing challenges such as low delivery efficiency, limited targeting ability, and suboptimal efficacy. These nanovaccines are engineered with tailored structures, ligands, and physicochemical properties to improve antigen presentation, modulate immunosuppression, and facilitate lymph node accumulation and immune cell activation. They exhibit diverse sizes, shapes, charges, and targeting ligands, enabling precise delivery and enhanced immune responses. The review highlights the potential of customized nanovaccines in both prophylactic and therapeutic applications, emphasizing their role in cancer immunotherapy. Inorganic nanovaccines, such as hollow structures, core-shell structures, and nanosheets, offer unique advantages in antigen delivery and immune modulation. Hollow structures provide large cavities for antigen encapsulation, while core-shell structures enable controlled release and enhanced antigen presentation. Nanosheets, with their high surface area and mechanical properties, facilitate efficient drug delivery and immune activation. Polymeric nanovaccines, including micelles and nanogels, are designed for their biocompatibility, adjustable properties, and ability to deliver antigens and adjuvants. Micelles, formed from amphiphilic block copolymers, exhibit targeted delivery and enhanced cellular uptake. Nanogels, with their three-dimensional polymeric networks, enable sustained release of therapeutic agents and improved immune responses. Biomimetic nanovaccines, such as vesicle-like, nanodisc, and virus-like structures, mimic natural biological systems to enhance antigen delivery and immune activation. These nanovaccines leverage the unique properties of cell membranes and extracellular vesicles to improve targeting and immunomodulatory effects. For example, exosome-based vaccines can activate T cells and modulate immune responses, while nanodiscs derived from tumor cell membranes enhance antigen-specific immune responses. The review underscores the importance of tailored nanovaccines in overcoming the limitations of conventional vaccines and improving cancer immunotherapy. By engineering customized nanovaccines with specific structures, ligands, and physicochemical properties, researchers aim to enhance antigen presentation, modulate immunosuppression, and achieve more effective cancer treatment. The development of these nanovaccines requires careful consideration of their design, functionality, and potential applications in clinical settings.