The paper discusses the potential of exosomes as nanocarriers for drug delivery and imaging. Exosomes, small membrane vesicles secreted by various cell types, are promising due to their natural biocompatibility and ability to facilitate intercellular communication. The authors review passive and active loading methods, including incubation, sonication, extrusion, freeze-thaw cycles, electroporation, and click chemistry, for delivering therapeutic agents and imaging probes. They highlight the advantages of exosomes, such as their small size, negative zeta potential, and ability to evade immune clearance. The paper also explores the use of exosomes from different sources, including tumor cells, immune cells, and plants, each with its own benefits and drawbacks. The authors emphasize the importance of selecting appropriate donor cells to ensure therapeutic efficacy and safety. Finally, they discuss the challenges and future directions in the clinical translation of exosome-based platforms, including large-scale production and in vivo studies.The paper discusses the potential of exosomes as nanocarriers for drug delivery and imaging. Exosomes, small membrane vesicles secreted by various cell types, are promising due to their natural biocompatibility and ability to facilitate intercellular communication. The authors review passive and active loading methods, including incubation, sonication, extrusion, freeze-thaw cycles, electroporation, and click chemistry, for delivering therapeutic agents and imaging probes. They highlight the advantages of exosomes, such as their small size, negative zeta potential, and ability to evade immune clearance. The paper also explores the use of exosomes from different sources, including tumor cells, immune cells, and plants, each with its own benefits and drawbacks. The authors emphasize the importance of selecting appropriate donor cells to ensure therapeutic efficacy and safety. Finally, they discuss the challenges and future directions in the clinical translation of exosome-based platforms, including large-scale production and in vivo studies.