This review article by Addis Halu Demo and Girma Asefa Bogale from Haramaya University in Ethiopia explores the effectiveness of mulching practices in dryland agriculture. Dryland agriculture, which accounts for a significant portion of global agricultural production, faces challenges such as water scarcity and soil degradation. Mulching is a water conservation technique used in arid regions to retain soil moisture, control temperature, and reduce evaporation. The authors discuss the benefits of organic and synthetic mulches, including their impact on soil health, nutrient retention, and crop yield. Organic mulches, such as composted yard waste and straw, enhance soil fertility and moisture retention, while inorganic mulches like plastic films improve soil temperature and water efficiency. The review highlights the advantages of mulching in reducing soil water loss, erosion, weed growth, and competition for nutrients and water. It also addresses the economic benefits of mulching, including improved water efficiency, reduced weed competition, and enhanced soil fertility. However, the authors note potential drawbacks, such as the cost of labor and disposal, and the risk of soil fragmentation and contamination. Overall, the article emphasizes the importance of mulching in maintaining soil moisture and optimizing water use in dryland agriculture, particularly in arid regions where water resources are limited.This review article by Addis Halu Demo and Girma Asefa Bogale from Haramaya University in Ethiopia explores the effectiveness of mulching practices in dryland agriculture. Dryland agriculture, which accounts for a significant portion of global agricultural production, faces challenges such as water scarcity and soil degradation. Mulching is a water conservation technique used in arid regions to retain soil moisture, control temperature, and reduce evaporation. The authors discuss the benefits of organic and synthetic mulches, including their impact on soil health, nutrient retention, and crop yield. Organic mulches, such as composted yard waste and straw, enhance soil fertility and moisture retention, while inorganic mulches like plastic films improve soil temperature and water efficiency. The review highlights the advantages of mulching in reducing soil water loss, erosion, weed growth, and competition for nutrients and water. It also addresses the economic benefits of mulching, including improved water efficiency, reduced weed competition, and enhanced soil fertility. However, the authors note potential drawbacks, such as the cost of labor and disposal, and the risk of soil fragmentation and contamination. Overall, the article emphasizes the importance of mulching in maintaining soil moisture and optimizing water use in dryland agriculture, particularly in arid regions where water resources are limited.