This study evaluates the environmental impacts of dryland and irrigated winter wheat cultivation using compost fertilization strategies through life cycle assessment (LCA). The research compared four strategies: D-C (dryland with compost), D (dryland without compost), I-C (irrigated with compost), and I (irrigated without compost). The results showed that the I-C strategy produced the highest wheat yield (12.2 ton ha⁻¹), while the D strategy had the lowest (6.7 ton ha⁻¹). LCA results indicated that the I strategy had the highest negative impact on human health (49%), resources (59%), ecosystem quality (44%), and climate change (43%). In contrast, the D-C strategy had the lowest adverse effects (6% on human health, 1% on resources, 10% on ecosystem quality, and 11% on climate change). Compost application in dryland farming significantly increased wheat yield and reduced environmental impacts. The study highlights that using compost in dryland areas can enhance crop yields and mitigate negative environmental indicators. Compost application reduced greenhouse gas emissions, improved soil quality, and decreased water and energy use. The findings suggest that integrating compost with fertilizers in dryland farming can improve sustainability and reduce environmental damage. The study provides a comprehensive assessment of the environmental performance of compost fertilization in both dryland and irrigated winter wheat systems.This study evaluates the environmental impacts of dryland and irrigated winter wheat cultivation using compost fertilization strategies through life cycle assessment (LCA). The research compared four strategies: D-C (dryland with compost), D (dryland without compost), I-C (irrigated with compost), and I (irrigated without compost). The results showed that the I-C strategy produced the highest wheat yield (12.2 ton ha⁻¹), while the D strategy had the lowest (6.7 ton ha⁻¹). LCA results indicated that the I strategy had the highest negative impact on human health (49%), resources (59%), ecosystem quality (44%), and climate change (43%). In contrast, the D-C strategy had the lowest adverse effects (6% on human health, 1% on resources, 10% on ecosystem quality, and 11% on climate change). Compost application in dryland farming significantly increased wheat yield and reduced environmental impacts. The study highlights that using compost in dryland areas can enhance crop yields and mitigate negative environmental indicators. Compost application reduced greenhouse gas emissions, improved soil quality, and decreased water and energy use. The findings suggest that integrating compost with fertilizers in dryland farming can improve sustainability and reduce environmental damage. The study provides a comprehensive assessment of the environmental performance of compost fertilization in both dryland and irrigated winter wheat systems.