This study assesses the environmental impacts of dryland and irrigated winter wheat cultivation under compost fertilization strategies using life cycle assessment (LCA). The cradle-to-farm gate system boundary was considered, with four strategies: D-C (dryland with compost), D (dryland without compost), I-C (irrigated with compost), and I (irrigated without compost). The results show that compost application significantly increased wheat yield in both dryland and irrigated farming, with the highest yield in the I-C strategy (12.2 tons ha⁻¹) and the lowest in the D strategy (6.7 tons ha⁻¹). LCA results indicate that the I strategy had the highest negative impact on human health (49%), resources (59%), ecosystem quality (44%), and climate change (43%). In contrast, the D-C strategy had the lowest adverse effects, with 6% on human health, 1% on resources, 10% on ecosystem quality, and 11% on climate change. The study concludes that combining fertilizer and compost in dryland areas can enhance crop yields while reducing negative environmental impacts.This study assesses the environmental impacts of dryland and irrigated winter wheat cultivation under compost fertilization strategies using life cycle assessment (LCA). The cradle-to-farm gate system boundary was considered, with four strategies: D-C (dryland with compost), D (dryland without compost), I-C (irrigated with compost), and I (irrigated without compost). The results show that compost application significantly increased wheat yield in both dryland and irrigated farming, with the highest yield in the I-C strategy (12.2 tons ha⁻¹) and the lowest in the D strategy (6.7 tons ha⁻¹). LCA results indicate that the I strategy had the highest negative impact on human health (49%), resources (59%), ecosystem quality (44%), and climate change (43%). In contrast, the D-C strategy had the lowest adverse effects, with 6% on human health, 1% on resources, 10% on ecosystem quality, and 11% on climate change. The study concludes that combining fertilizer and compost in dryland areas can enhance crop yields while reducing negative environmental impacts.