Mercury is a highly toxic element that exists in various forms, including elemental, inorganic, and organic mercury. It is naturally occurring and has been released into the environment through human activities, leading to increased atmospheric mercury levels and contamination of soil and water. Mercury poisoning results from exposure to mercury or its compounds, with methylmercury (MeHg) being the primary form responsible for human exposure, mainly through contaminated fish and seafood. MeHg is toxic to the nervous system, causing neurological damage in adults and developmental issues in children. It can bioaccumulate in the body, leading to long-term health effects. Mercury exposure affects multiple organ systems, including the cardiovascular, hematological, pulmonary, renal, immunological, neurological, endocrine, reproductive, and embryonic systems. It causes cellular damage, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to various health problems such as anemia, respiratory issues, kidney damage, immune disorders, and neurological impairments. Mercury is also linked to reproductive issues, including reduced fertility and fetal toxicity, which can result in miscarriage, stillbirth, and developmental defects in offspring. Mercury poisoning can lead to severe health consequences, including mental retardation, dysarthria, blindness, and neurological deficits. It is associated with various diseases, including autism, multiple sclerosis, and schizophrenia. Mercury exposure has been linked to a range of immune and autoimmune conditions, as well as endocrine disorders such as hypothyroidism and adrenal dysfunction. The review highlights the systemic toxicological effects of mercury, emphasizing the need for public health measures to reduce mercury exposure and raise awareness. Historical events and toxicological evidence underscore the detrimental effects of mercury on human health, emphasizing the importance of preventing mercury exposure and mitigating its impact on public health.Mercury is a highly toxic element that exists in various forms, including elemental, inorganic, and organic mercury. It is naturally occurring and has been released into the environment through human activities, leading to increased atmospheric mercury levels and contamination of soil and water. Mercury poisoning results from exposure to mercury or its compounds, with methylmercury (MeHg) being the primary form responsible for human exposure, mainly through contaminated fish and seafood. MeHg is toxic to the nervous system, causing neurological damage in adults and developmental issues in children. It can bioaccumulate in the body, leading to long-term health effects. Mercury exposure affects multiple organ systems, including the cardiovascular, hematological, pulmonary, renal, immunological, neurological, endocrine, reproductive, and embryonic systems. It causes cellular damage, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to various health problems such as anemia, respiratory issues, kidney damage, immune disorders, and neurological impairments. Mercury is also linked to reproductive issues, including reduced fertility and fetal toxicity, which can result in miscarriage, stillbirth, and developmental defects in offspring. Mercury poisoning can lead to severe health consequences, including mental retardation, dysarthria, blindness, and neurological deficits. It is associated with various diseases, including autism, multiple sclerosis, and schizophrenia. Mercury exposure has been linked to a range of immune and autoimmune conditions, as well as endocrine disorders such as hypothyroidism and adrenal dysfunction. The review highlights the systemic toxicological effects of mercury, emphasizing the need for public health measures to reduce mercury exposure and raise awareness. Historical events and toxicological evidence underscore the detrimental effects of mercury on human health, emphasizing the importance of preventing mercury exposure and mitigating its impact on public health.