Neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite primarily affecting cattle and dogs, with a wide host range and a complex life cycle. The parasite has a three-stage life cycle: tachyzoites, tissue cysts, and oocysts. Tachyzoites and tissue cysts are found in intermediate hosts, while oocysts are environmentally resistant and excreted by definitive hosts like dogs and coyotes. The transmission of N. caninum involves ingestion of tissues containing tachyzoites or tissue cysts, or ingestion of sporulated oocysts in contaminated food or water. Transplacental transmission is also possible. The zoonotic potential of N. caninum is uncertain, as no evidence of human infection has been found. The epidemiology of N. caninum is influenced by various factors, including age, presence of definitive hosts (dogs and coyotes), other carnivores, intermediate hosts, grazing practices, fodder, and drinking water. Risk factors for bovine neosporosis include older age, presence of farm dogs, and proximity to wild canids. The presence of coyotes and gray foxes has been linked to higher seroprevalence in beef calves. Other potential risk factors include the presence of poultry and ducks on farms, as well as the use of contaminated pastures and drinking water. Control measures for N. caninum include farm biosecurity, such as quarantine and testing of replacement and purchased cattle, prevention of transmission from definitive hosts, and control of rodents. Reproductive management practices, such as embryo transfer and artificial insemination, can also help reduce the risk of infection. Chemotherapy and vaccination are potential future strategies, with ongoing research focusing on vaccine design and delivery methods.Neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite primarily affecting cattle and dogs, with a wide host range and a complex life cycle. The parasite has a three-stage life cycle: tachyzoites, tissue cysts, and oocysts. Tachyzoites and tissue cysts are found in intermediate hosts, while oocysts are environmentally resistant and excreted by definitive hosts like dogs and coyotes. The transmission of N. caninum involves ingestion of tissues containing tachyzoites or tissue cysts, or ingestion of sporulated oocysts in contaminated food or water. Transplacental transmission is also possible. The zoonotic potential of N. caninum is uncertain, as no evidence of human infection has been found. The epidemiology of N. caninum is influenced by various factors, including age, presence of definitive hosts (dogs and coyotes), other carnivores, intermediate hosts, grazing practices, fodder, and drinking water. Risk factors for bovine neosporosis include older age, presence of farm dogs, and proximity to wild canids. The presence of coyotes and gray foxes has been linked to higher seroprevalence in beef calves. Other potential risk factors include the presence of poultry and ducks on farms, as well as the use of contaminated pastures and drinking water. Control measures for N. caninum include farm biosecurity, such as quarantine and testing of replacement and purchased cattle, prevention of transmission from definitive hosts, and control of rodents. Reproductive management practices, such as embryo transfer and artificial insemination, can also help reduce the risk of infection. Chemotherapy and vaccination are potential future strategies, with ongoing research focusing on vaccine design and delivery methods.