Childhood pneumonia is the leading cause of mortality in children under five years old, with an incidence of 0.29 episodes per child-year in developing countries and 0.05 episodes per child-year in developed countries. Globally, about 156 million new cases occur annually, with 151 million in developing countries. India, China, and Pakistan account for the majority of these cases. Severe cases, requiring hospitalization, make up 7-13% of community cases. Key risk factors include lack of exclusive breastfeeding, undernutrition, indoor air pollution, low birth weight, crowding, and lack of measles immunization. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and respiratory syncytial virus are the main pathogens associated with childhood pneumonia. The disease accounts for about 19% of all deaths in children under five, with over 70% occurring in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. Recent studies have identified these pathogens as the primary causes, and vaccines for Hib and pneumococcus are available to prevent bacterial pneumonia.Childhood pneumonia is the leading cause of mortality in children under five years old, with an incidence of 0.29 episodes per child-year in developing countries and 0.05 episodes per child-year in developed countries. Globally, about 156 million new cases occur annually, with 151 million in developing countries. India, China, and Pakistan account for the majority of these cases. Severe cases, requiring hospitalization, make up 7-13% of community cases. Key risk factors include lack of exclusive breastfeeding, undernutrition, indoor air pollution, low birth weight, crowding, and lack of measles immunization. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and respiratory syncytial virus are the main pathogens associated with childhood pneumonia. The disease accounts for about 19% of all deaths in children under five, with over 70% occurring in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. Recent studies have identified these pathogens as the primary causes, and vaccines for Hib and pneumococcus are available to prevent bacterial pneumonia.