The article provides a comprehensive review of the epidemiology and etiology of meningiomas, the most frequently diagnosed primary brain tumor. It highlights the challenges in studying meningiomas due to their rarity, long latency period, and the prevalence of subclinical disease. Key risk factors include high-dose ionizing radiation exposure, hormonal influences, and genetic predispositions. The article discusses the role of specific genes, such as *NF2*, in meningioma development and the potential impact of environmental factors like head trauma and cell phone use. It also explores the association between meningiomas and breast cancer, as well as the importance of family history and molecular epidemiology in understanding the etiology of these tumors. The authors emphasize the need for larger, well-powered studies and the integration of genetic and environmental factors to advance the field of meningioma research.The article provides a comprehensive review of the epidemiology and etiology of meningiomas, the most frequently diagnosed primary brain tumor. It highlights the challenges in studying meningiomas due to their rarity, long latency period, and the prevalence of subclinical disease. Key risk factors include high-dose ionizing radiation exposure, hormonal influences, and genetic predispositions. The article discusses the role of specific genes, such as *NF2*, in meningioma development and the potential impact of environmental factors like head trauma and cell phone use. It also explores the association between meningiomas and breast cancer, as well as the importance of family history and molecular epidemiology in understanding the etiology of these tumors. The authors emphasize the need for larger, well-powered studies and the integration of genetic and environmental factors to advance the field of meningioma research.