Melanoma, a malignancy of melanocytes, accounts for 1.7% of global cancer diagnoses and is the fifth most common cancer in the US. Incidence rates have risen significantly in developed countries, particularly among fair-skinned individuals, with a 320% increase in the US since 1975. However, mortality rates have decreased by nearly 30% over the past decade due to the approval of new targeted and immunotherapy agents. The 5-year survival rate has risen to 93.3%, but survival for stage IV disease remains low at 29.8%. UV exposure is the primary risk factor, with outdoor and indoor tanning being significant contributors. Other risk factors include immunosuppression, family history, moles, and obesity. Public health initiatives, such as education on sun protection and screening programs, have been effective in reducing melanoma incidence and mortality. Primary prevention and education, particularly in high-risk populations, remain crucial for reducing healthcare costs and improving outcomes.Melanoma, a malignancy of melanocytes, accounts for 1.7% of global cancer diagnoses and is the fifth most common cancer in the US. Incidence rates have risen significantly in developed countries, particularly among fair-skinned individuals, with a 320% increase in the US since 1975. However, mortality rates have decreased by nearly 30% over the past decade due to the approval of new targeted and immunotherapy agents. The 5-year survival rate has risen to 93.3%, but survival for stage IV disease remains low at 29.8%. UV exposure is the primary risk factor, with outdoor and indoor tanning being significant contributors. Other risk factors include immunosuppression, family history, moles, and obesity. Public health initiatives, such as education on sun protection and screening programs, have been effective in reducing melanoma incidence and mortality. Primary prevention and education, particularly in high-risk populations, remain crucial for reducing healthcare costs and improving outcomes.