Melanoma is a skin cancer that accounts for 1.7% of global cancer diagnoses and is the fifth most common cancer in the US. Its incidence has risen significantly in developed countries, with a 320% increase in the US since 1975. However, mortality has decreased by nearly 30% over the past decade due to advancements in targeted and immunotherapy treatments. Despite this, survival for stage IV melanoma remains low at 29.8%. Melanoma is most common in white men, with an average age of diagnosis of 65. Key risk factors include UV exposure without protection, indoor tanning, immunosuppression, family history, and obesity. Prevention strategies, such as sun protection education, have been effective in reducing melanoma incidence, as seen in Australia's SunSmart program. The US is projected to see a peak in melanoma incidence by 2026. Primary prevention initiatives, including sun protection education, have shown a 2-4 fold return on investment. Screening programs, especially for high-risk individuals, have also proven cost-effective in reducing melanoma mortality. Melanoma is associated with various subtypes, including superficial spreading melanoma and acral lentiginous melanoma, with different risk factors and prognoses. Mutations in BRAF and KIT are common in melanoma, and targeted therapies are used to treat these mutations. Immunosuppression increases melanoma risk, and checkpoint inhibitors are used to restore immune surveillance. Prevention remains crucial for reducing healthcare costs and mortality, with education on sun protection and avoiding indoor tanning being key strategies. Screening is recommended for individuals with a family history, genetic predisposition, or high-risk lifestyles. Overall, melanoma remains a significant public health challenge, requiring continued research and preventive measures.Melanoma is a skin cancer that accounts for 1.7% of global cancer diagnoses and is the fifth most common cancer in the US. Its incidence has risen significantly in developed countries, with a 320% increase in the US since 1975. However, mortality has decreased by nearly 30% over the past decade due to advancements in targeted and immunotherapy treatments. Despite this, survival for stage IV melanoma remains low at 29.8%. Melanoma is most common in white men, with an average age of diagnosis of 65. Key risk factors include UV exposure without protection, indoor tanning, immunosuppression, family history, and obesity. Prevention strategies, such as sun protection education, have been effective in reducing melanoma incidence, as seen in Australia's SunSmart program. The US is projected to see a peak in melanoma incidence by 2026. Primary prevention initiatives, including sun protection education, have shown a 2-4 fold return on investment. Screening programs, especially for high-risk individuals, have also proven cost-effective in reducing melanoma mortality. Melanoma is associated with various subtypes, including superficial spreading melanoma and acral lentiginous melanoma, with different risk factors and prognoses. Mutations in BRAF and KIT are common in melanoma, and targeted therapies are used to treat these mutations. Immunosuppression increases melanoma risk, and checkpoint inhibitors are used to restore immune surveillance. Prevention remains crucial for reducing healthcare costs and mortality, with education on sun protection and avoiding indoor tanning being key strategies. Screening is recommended for individuals with a family history, genetic predisposition, or high-risk lifestyles. Overall, melanoma remains a significant public health challenge, requiring continued research and preventive measures.