The chapter discusses the epidemiology of prostate cancer, highlighting its growing concern in global public health due to the increasing older male population. Over one million cases are diagnosed annually, with over 300,000 deaths, making it the fifth leading cause of cancer death among men. Incidence and mortality vary significantly across regions, influenced by genetic, dietary, lifestyle, environmental, and healthcare access factors. The special issue of the *World Journal of Urology* explores various aspects of prostate cancer epidemiology, including national incidence variations, the evolving disease landscape in East Asia, modifiable risk factors such as diet and lifestyle, the effects of medications like metformin and statins, and the potential evolution of screening policies. These articles aim to advance research into the genetic and environmental determinants of prostate cancer risk and mortality, ultimately benefiting at-risk men worldwide.The chapter discusses the epidemiology of prostate cancer, highlighting its growing concern in global public health due to the increasing older male population. Over one million cases are diagnosed annually, with over 300,000 deaths, making it the fifth leading cause of cancer death among men. Incidence and mortality vary significantly across regions, influenced by genetic, dietary, lifestyle, environmental, and healthcare access factors. The special issue of the *World Journal of Urology* explores various aspects of prostate cancer epidemiology, including national incidence variations, the evolving disease landscape in East Asia, modifiable risk factors such as diet and lifestyle, the effects of medications like metformin and statins, and the potential evolution of screening policies. These articles aim to advance research into the genetic and environmental determinants of prostate cancer risk and mortality, ultimately benefiting at-risk men worldwide.