The chapter discusses the concept of "groupism" in the study of ethnicity, race, and nationalism, highlighting its prevalence and the need to move beyond it. Groupism refers to the tendency to treat discrete, sharply differentiated, internally homogeneous, and externally bounded groups as fundamental units of social life and conflict. Despite the centrality of groups in social science, the concept has been under Scrutiny, and its reification in analyses of ethnic, racial, and national conflicts is problematic. The author argues that ethnic conflict should not be understood as conflict between ethnic groups but as a more complex process involving organizations, framing, and cognitive dimensions. The chapter outlines eight key points for rethinking ethnicity, including the reality of ethnicity, the variable nature of groupness, the distinction between groups and categories, the dynamics of group-making, the role of organizations, framing and coding, and the cognitive dimension of ethnicity. The author emphasizes the importance of recognizing the strategic use of ethnic framing and the variable nature of groupness to avoid over-ethnicized interpretations and interventions in conflicts. Finally, the chapter provides an empirical case study from Cluj, Romania, to illustrate how ethnicity can be analyzed without relying on the concept of discrete groups.The chapter discusses the concept of "groupism" in the study of ethnicity, race, and nationalism, highlighting its prevalence and the need to move beyond it. Groupism refers to the tendency to treat discrete, sharply differentiated, internally homogeneous, and externally bounded groups as fundamental units of social life and conflict. Despite the centrality of groups in social science, the concept has been under Scrutiny, and its reification in analyses of ethnic, racial, and national conflicts is problematic. The author argues that ethnic conflict should not be understood as conflict between ethnic groups but as a more complex process involving organizations, framing, and cognitive dimensions. The chapter outlines eight key points for rethinking ethnicity, including the reality of ethnicity, the variable nature of groupness, the distinction between groups and categories, the dynamics of group-making, the role of organizations, framing and coding, and the cognitive dimension of ethnicity. The author emphasizes the importance of recognizing the strategic use of ethnic framing and the variable nature of groupness to avoid over-ethnicized interpretations and interventions in conflicts. Finally, the chapter provides an empirical case study from Cluj, Romania, to illustrate how ethnicity can be analyzed without relying on the concept of discrete groups.