The article by Dr. Jo Shapiro, Chief of the Division of Otolaryngology at Brigham and Women's Hospital, provides an in-depth review of dysphagia, defined as difficulty swallowing. The precise incidence of dysphagia is unknown due to its underdiagnosis, but recent attention has been directed towards accurate evaluation and treatment. The anatomy and physiology of swallowing are reviewed, highlighting the pharynx, its muscular structure, and the role of various muscles and nerves. The swallowing process is divided into three phases: oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal. Abnormalities in swallowing can occur in any of these phases, with a focus on oral and pharyngeal phase dysfunctions. Oral phase dysfunctions include anterior leakage of the bolus, malpositioning due to muscle weakness, and decreased sensation. Pharyngeal phase dysfunctions involve tongue tethering, decreased tongue movement, and incoordination, which can hinder the initiation of the pharyngeal phase. The article emphasizes the importance of understanding these anatomical and physiological aspects to effectively diagnose and treat swallowing disorders.The article by Dr. Jo Shapiro, Chief of the Division of Otolaryngology at Brigham and Women's Hospital, provides an in-depth review of dysphagia, defined as difficulty swallowing. The precise incidence of dysphagia is unknown due to its underdiagnosis, but recent attention has been directed towards accurate evaluation and treatment. The anatomy and physiology of swallowing are reviewed, highlighting the pharynx, its muscular structure, and the role of various muscles and nerves. The swallowing process is divided into three phases: oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal. Abnormalities in swallowing can occur in any of these phases, with a focus on oral and pharyngeal phase dysfunctions. Oral phase dysfunctions include anterior leakage of the bolus, malpositioning due to muscle weakness, and decreased sensation. Pharyngeal phase dysfunctions involve tongue tethering, decreased tongue movement, and incoordination, which can hinder the initiation of the pharyngeal phase. The article emphasizes the importance of understanding these anatomical and physiological aspects to effectively diagnose and treat swallowing disorders.