This study evaluates the levels of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and microplastics (MPs) in a water treatment plant in Kielce, Poland. The PTEs analyzed include Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Co. The results show that Zn had the highest concentrations throughout the treatment facility, while Cd, Pb, and Co had lower concentrations (<0.1 μg/L). The order of concentrations among the PTEs was Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr > Cd > Pb > Co. Turbidity ranged from 0.34 to 1.9 NTU, pH ranged from 6.51 to 7.47, and conductivity ranged from 1,203 to 1,445 ms. MPs were categorized into fiber and fragments, with colors including blue, red, black, green, and transparent. The average size of MPs was 2,751 ± 1,905 μm, and the average concentration of MPs per liter was 108.88 ± 55.61. The elements identified in MPs included C, O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, and Ti, with Fe and Zn being the most prevalent. Health risk assessments showed that HQ values for PTEs were below one for both adults and children, indicating a satisfactory level of non-carcinogenic risk. However, carcinogenic values in most samples exceeded the threshold of 10⁻⁶. The study highlights the need for regular monitoring of PTEs and MPs in drinking water to minimize health risks. The findings suggest that while the water is generally safe for consumption, ongoing monitoring is necessary to address potential contamination. The study also emphasizes the importance of understanding the sources and impacts of MPs and PTEs in water treatment processes to ensure safe drinking water for consumers.This study evaluates the levels of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and microplastics (MPs) in a water treatment plant in Kielce, Poland. The PTEs analyzed include Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Co. The results show that Zn had the highest concentrations throughout the treatment facility, while Cd, Pb, and Co had lower concentrations (<0.1 μg/L). The order of concentrations among the PTEs was Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr > Cd > Pb > Co. Turbidity ranged from 0.34 to 1.9 NTU, pH ranged from 6.51 to 7.47, and conductivity ranged from 1,203 to 1,445 ms. MPs were categorized into fiber and fragments, with colors including blue, red, black, green, and transparent. The average size of MPs was 2,751 ± 1,905 μm, and the average concentration of MPs per liter was 108.88 ± 55.61. The elements identified in MPs included C, O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, and Ti, with Fe and Zn being the most prevalent. Health risk assessments showed that HQ values for PTEs were below one for both adults and children, indicating a satisfactory level of non-carcinogenic risk. However, carcinogenic values in most samples exceeded the threshold of 10⁻⁶. The study highlights the need for regular monitoring of PTEs and MPs in drinking water to minimize health risks. The findings suggest that while the water is generally safe for consumption, ongoing monitoring is necessary to address potential contamination. The study also emphasizes the importance of understanding the sources and impacts of MPs and PTEs in water treatment processes to ensure safe drinking water for consumers.