This study reports the evidence of silicene on Ag(111) surface through the investigation of silicon structures under varying coverage and temperature. The research combines scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) with first-principles calculations to elucidate the structural evolution of silicon on Ag(111). The results show that silicon forms several monolayer superstructures on Ag(111), which share common building blocks of silicon rings and evolve from silicene fragments to complete and multilayer silicene. The study provides insights into the formation mechanism of silicene on Ag(111) and offers methods for synthesizing high-quality silicene. Silicene, a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice of silicon, is of great interest due to its potential applications in nanotechnology and its unique electronic properties, such as the quantum spin Hall effect. However, the preparation of high-quality silicene films remains a challenge. This study addresses this challenge by investigating the growth of silicon on Ag(111) and identifying silicene structures. The results show that silicene forms on Ag(111) at high temperatures and silicon coverage, with a lattice period of about 0.64 nm, corresponding to a √3×√3 honeycomb superstructure. The study also reveals that silicene has a weak interaction with the Ag(111) substrate, which is confirmed by the stability of the silicene structure and the absence of moiré patterns in the silicene film. The study presents a systematic investigation of the self-organized superstructures formed by sub-monolayer silicon on Ag(111). The results show that silicon forms different phases on Ag(111) depending on the substrate temperature and coverage. These phases include a less ordered phase with close-packed protrusions and a highly ordered phase with a honeycomb structure. The highly ordered phase is identified as silicene, with a lattice period of about 1.18 nm, which is three times the lattice constant of Si(111). The study also shows that silicene can form multiple layers on Ag(111), with the second layer exhibiting a √3×√3 honeycomb superstructure, indicating that the structure is not influenced by the Ag(111) surface. The study provides a complete understanding of the structure evolution of silicon on Ag(111), which is essential for the fabrication of high-quality silicene and the exploration of its novel properties. The results also highlight the weak interaction between silicene and the Ag(111) substrate, which is an important factor in the stability of the silicene structure. The study is supported by first-principles calculations, which confirm the structural models of the phases and their evolution with temperature and coverage. The findings contribute to the understanding of silicThis study reports the evidence of silicene on Ag(111) surface through the investigation of silicon structures under varying coverage and temperature. The research combines scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) with first-principles calculations to elucidate the structural evolution of silicon on Ag(111). The results show that silicon forms several monolayer superstructures on Ag(111), which share common building blocks of silicon rings and evolve from silicene fragments to complete and multilayer silicene. The study provides insights into the formation mechanism of silicene on Ag(111) and offers methods for synthesizing high-quality silicene. Silicene, a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice of silicon, is of great interest due to its potential applications in nanotechnology and its unique electronic properties, such as the quantum spin Hall effect. However, the preparation of high-quality silicene films remains a challenge. This study addresses this challenge by investigating the growth of silicon on Ag(111) and identifying silicene structures. The results show that silicene forms on Ag(111) at high temperatures and silicon coverage, with a lattice period of about 0.64 nm, corresponding to a √3×√3 honeycomb superstructure. The study also reveals that silicene has a weak interaction with the Ag(111) substrate, which is confirmed by the stability of the silicene structure and the absence of moiré patterns in the silicene film. The study presents a systematic investigation of the self-organized superstructures formed by sub-monolayer silicon on Ag(111). The results show that silicon forms different phases on Ag(111) depending on the substrate temperature and coverage. These phases include a less ordered phase with close-packed protrusions and a highly ordered phase with a honeycomb structure. The highly ordered phase is identified as silicene, with a lattice period of about 1.18 nm, which is three times the lattice constant of Si(111). The study also shows that silicene can form multiple layers on Ag(111), with the second layer exhibiting a √3×√3 honeycomb superstructure, indicating that the structure is not influenced by the Ag(111) surface. The study provides a complete understanding of the structure evolution of silicon on Ag(111), which is essential for the fabrication of high-quality silicene and the exploration of its novel properties. The results also highlight the weak interaction between silicene and the Ag(111) substrate, which is an important factor in the stability of the silicene structure. The study is supported by first-principles calculations, which confirm the structural models of the phases and their evolution with temperature and coverage. The findings contribute to the understanding of silic