This study investigates the formation and evolution of silicene, a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice of silicon, on the Ag(111) surface. The researchers used scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) to observe and analyze the structures formed at different substrate temperatures and silicon coverages. They found that several monolayer superstructures can form, including disordered structures (phase T) and highly ordered honeycomb structures (phase H). These phases share common building blocks of silicon rings and evolve from fragments of silicene to complete monolayer and multilayer silicene. First-principles calculations confirmed the structural models of these phases. The study provides insights into the formation mechanism of silicene on Ag(111) and offers methods for synthesizing high-quality, large-scale silicene, which is crucial for exploring its novel properties and potential applications in nanotechnology.This study investigates the formation and evolution of silicene, a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice of silicon, on the Ag(111) surface. The researchers used scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) to observe and analyze the structures formed at different substrate temperatures and silicon coverages. They found that several monolayer superstructures can form, including disordered structures (phase T) and highly ordered honeycomb structures (phase H). These phases share common building blocks of silicon rings and evolve from fragments of silicene to complete monolayer and multilayer silicene. First-principles calculations confirmed the structural models of these phases. The study provides insights into the formation mechanism of silicene on Ag(111) and offers methods for synthesizing high-quality, large-scale silicene, which is crucial for exploring its novel properties and potential applications in nanotechnology.