The article provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution, current trends, and latest advances in endoscopic spine surgery. It highlights the increasing demand for minimally invasive techniques due to the aging population and the associated comorbidities in spinal diseases. The authors discuss the benefits of minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS), such as minimal muscle trauma, reduced blood loss, shorter hospital stays, and better functional outcomes. The article traces the historical development of endoscopic spine surgery, from its initial application in lumbar disc herniation to its expanded use in spinal stenosis, spinal fusion, and cervical and thoracic pathologies. It details various endoscopic systems and techniques, including micro-endoscopic discectomy, Destandau's Endospine technique, transforaminal endoscopy, interlaminar endoscopy, and percutaneous biportal endoscopic discectomy and decompression (PBED). The article also explores the advantages of these techniques, such as reduced surgical trauma, faster recovery, and improved clinical outcomes. Additionally, it discusses the latest advancements in endoscopic spine surgery, including navigation systems, ultra-resolution and three-dimensional endoscopes, and robot-assisted surgery. The authors conclude that endoscopic spine surgery is a safe and viable alternative to conventional spine surgery, offering fewer complications and better patient outcomes. However, they note the need for more research on its applications to spinal conditions beyond degenerative pathologies.The article provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution, current trends, and latest advances in endoscopic spine surgery. It highlights the increasing demand for minimally invasive techniques due to the aging population and the associated comorbidities in spinal diseases. The authors discuss the benefits of minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS), such as minimal muscle trauma, reduced blood loss, shorter hospital stays, and better functional outcomes. The article traces the historical development of endoscopic spine surgery, from its initial application in lumbar disc herniation to its expanded use in spinal stenosis, spinal fusion, and cervical and thoracic pathologies. It details various endoscopic systems and techniques, including micro-endoscopic discectomy, Destandau's Endospine technique, transforaminal endoscopy, interlaminar endoscopy, and percutaneous biportal endoscopic discectomy and decompression (PBED). The article also explores the advantages of these techniques, such as reduced surgical trauma, faster recovery, and improved clinical outcomes. Additionally, it discusses the latest advancements in endoscopic spine surgery, including navigation systems, ultra-resolution and three-dimensional endoscopes, and robot-assisted surgery. The authors conclude that endoscopic spine surgery is a safe and viable alternative to conventional spine surgery, offering fewer complications and better patient outcomes. However, they note the need for more research on its applications to spinal conditions beyond degenerative pathologies.