This review discusses the evolution, current trends, and latest advances in endoscopic spine surgery. Over the past 40 years, endoscopic spine surgery has evolved from percutaneous nucleotomy to modern techniques like full endoscopy and biportal endoscopy. These techniques offer benefits such as minimal muscle trauma, reduced postoperative pain, and shorter hospital stays. Endoscopic spine surgery is now used for various spinal pathologies, including lumbar, thoracic, and cervical conditions. Techniques like micro-endoscopic discectomy, Destandau's Endospine technique, transforaminal endoscopy, and interlaminar endoscopy have been developed and refined. Recent advancements include navigation systems, ultra-resolution endoscopes, and robot-assisted surgery, which enhance surgical accuracy and outcomes. The field continues to grow, with endoscopic spine surgery being a safe and viable alternative to traditional open surgery for many spinal conditions. However, more research is needed on its application for non-degenerative pathologies such as tumors, infections, and trauma.This review discusses the evolution, current trends, and latest advances in endoscopic spine surgery. Over the past 40 years, endoscopic spine surgery has evolved from percutaneous nucleotomy to modern techniques like full endoscopy and biportal endoscopy. These techniques offer benefits such as minimal muscle trauma, reduced postoperative pain, and shorter hospital stays. Endoscopic spine surgery is now used for various spinal pathologies, including lumbar, thoracic, and cervical conditions. Techniques like micro-endoscopic discectomy, Destandau's Endospine technique, transforaminal endoscopy, and interlaminar endoscopy have been developed and refined. Recent advancements include navigation systems, ultra-resolution endoscopes, and robot-assisted surgery, which enhance surgical accuracy and outcomes. The field continues to grow, with endoscopic spine surgery being a safe and viable alternative to traditional open surgery for many spinal conditions. However, more research is needed on its application for non-degenerative pathologies such as tumors, infections, and trauma.