The article "Evolution and Behavioral Responses to Human-Induced Rapid Environmental Change" by Andrew Sih, Maud C. O. Ferrari, and David J. Harris explores the impact of human-induced environmental changes on organisms and their behavioral responses. The authors highlight that almost all organisms live in environments altered by human activities, and these changes often involve rapid environmental shifts that are unprecedented in evolutionary history. They discuss five major types of human-induced environmental changes: habitat loss/fragmentation, the spread of exotic species, harvesting by humans, pollutants, and climate change. These changes can lead to species declines, extinctions, and range shifts, driving evolutionary responses such as adaptation, speciation, and hybridization. The authors emphasize the importance of behavioral plasticity in coping with these changes, noting that most phenotypic changes observed in response to rapid environmental changes involve phenotypic plasticity rather than immediate genetic evolution. They review examples of behavioral responses to novel enemies, resources, abiotic stressors, and changing spatiotemporal conditions. Some species exhibit maladaptive responses, while others show adaptive responses, highlighting the need to understand why some species thrive while others decline. The article also introduces a mechanistic, sensory ecology approach to studying and understanding variation in behavioral responses to rapid environmental changes. This approach considers the species' evolutionary history and the match or mismatch between past environments and new conditions. The authors propose a theoretical framework, detection theory, to predict and evaluate how organisms should respond to novel stimuli. Detection theory helps ecologists model and evaluate animals' decisions, providing insights into how organisms might modify their behavior in response to changes in information quality. Overall, the article underscores the need for a better understanding of the role of evolutionary history in shaping individuals' responses to their environment and suggests future research directions to improve our understanding of how behavioral responses to rapid environmental changes might affect long-term species persistence.The article "Evolution and Behavioral Responses to Human-Induced Rapid Environmental Change" by Andrew Sih, Maud C. O. Ferrari, and David J. Harris explores the impact of human-induced environmental changes on organisms and their behavioral responses. The authors highlight that almost all organisms live in environments altered by human activities, and these changes often involve rapid environmental shifts that are unprecedented in evolutionary history. They discuss five major types of human-induced environmental changes: habitat loss/fragmentation, the spread of exotic species, harvesting by humans, pollutants, and climate change. These changes can lead to species declines, extinctions, and range shifts, driving evolutionary responses such as adaptation, speciation, and hybridization. The authors emphasize the importance of behavioral plasticity in coping with these changes, noting that most phenotypic changes observed in response to rapid environmental changes involve phenotypic plasticity rather than immediate genetic evolution. They review examples of behavioral responses to novel enemies, resources, abiotic stressors, and changing spatiotemporal conditions. Some species exhibit maladaptive responses, while others show adaptive responses, highlighting the need to understand why some species thrive while others decline. The article also introduces a mechanistic, sensory ecology approach to studying and understanding variation in behavioral responses to rapid environmental changes. This approach considers the species' evolutionary history and the match or mismatch between past environments and new conditions. The authors propose a theoretical framework, detection theory, to predict and evaluate how organisms should respond to novel stimuli. Detection theory helps ecologists model and evaluate animals' decisions, providing insights into how organisms might modify their behavior in response to changes in information quality. Overall, the article underscores the need for a better understanding of the role of evolutionary history in shaping individuals' responses to their environment and suggests future research directions to improve our understanding of how behavioral responses to rapid environmental changes might affect long-term species persistence.