The study investigates the co-evolution of mammalian gut微生物群落 and their hosts, focusing on how diet and phylogeny influence bacterial diversity. The researchers analyzed 16S rRNA gene sequences from the fecal microbiota of 106 individual mammals representing 60 species from 13 taxonomic orders. They found that bacterial communities co-diversified with their hosts, and that diet significantly impacted bacterial diversity, increasing from carnivory to omnivory to herbivory. The gut microbiota of humans living in a modern lifestyle is typical of omnivorous primates. The study also revealed that the microbial communities of same-species hosts were more similar to each other than to those of different host species, and that diet and phylogenetic order were strong predictors of microbial community composition. The results suggest that the gut microbiota of mammals is highly adaptable and that the immune system's tolerance to gut microbes is a basal trait in mammalian evolution.The study investigates the co-evolution of mammalian gut微生物群落 and their hosts, focusing on how diet and phylogeny influence bacterial diversity. The researchers analyzed 16S rRNA gene sequences from the fecal microbiota of 106 individual mammals representing 60 species from 13 taxonomic orders. They found that bacterial communities co-diversified with their hosts, and that diet significantly impacted bacterial diversity, increasing from carnivory to omnivory to herbivory. The gut microbiota of humans living in a modern lifestyle is typical of omnivorous primates. The study also revealed that the microbial communities of same-species hosts were more similar to each other than to those of different host species, and that diet and phylogenetic order were strong predictors of microbial community composition. The results suggest that the gut microbiota of mammals is highly adaptable and that the immune system's tolerance to gut microbes is a basal trait in mammalian evolution.