Autoimmune disorders are characterized by the abnormal reactivity of T and B cells to the body's own components, leading to tissue destruction and organ dysfunction. These diseases affect a wide range of people globally and have become significant public health concerns. Recent advancements in understanding the epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, and mechanisms of autoimmune diseases have led to the development of new therapeutic strategies. Current treatments, primarily non-specific immunomodulators, often cause broad immunosuppression with serious adverse effects. To address this, precise and target-specific strategies are urgently needed. Significant progress has been made in understanding immune tolerance mechanisms, offering new avenues for antigen-specific immunotherapies. These approaches have shown promising results in preclinical models and clinical trials. This review covers the common epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and mechanisms of autoimmune diseases, focusing on conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), type 1 diabetes (T1D), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and Sjögren's syndrome (SS). It discusses current therapeutic interventions, including the use of nanomaterials and mRNA vaccines to induce antigen-specific immune tolerance. The review highlights the importance of genetic and environmental factors in the development of autoimmune diseases and the role of molecular signaling pathways in their pathogenesis. It also provides an overview of the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and immune dysregulation in each disease, emphasizing the need for early identification and intervention to prevent irreversible damage. Finally, it discusses new therapeutic strategies, including antibody therapy, RNA interference (RNAi) therapy, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), and their potential in treating autoimmune disorders.Autoimmune disorders are characterized by the abnormal reactivity of T and B cells to the body's own components, leading to tissue destruction and organ dysfunction. These diseases affect a wide range of people globally and have become significant public health concerns. Recent advancements in understanding the epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, and mechanisms of autoimmune diseases have led to the development of new therapeutic strategies. Current treatments, primarily non-specific immunomodulators, often cause broad immunosuppression with serious adverse effects. To address this, precise and target-specific strategies are urgently needed. Significant progress has been made in understanding immune tolerance mechanisms, offering new avenues for antigen-specific immunotherapies. These approaches have shown promising results in preclinical models and clinical trials. This review covers the common epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and mechanisms of autoimmune diseases, focusing on conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), type 1 diabetes (T1D), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and Sjögren's syndrome (SS). It discusses current therapeutic interventions, including the use of nanomaterials and mRNA vaccines to induce antigen-specific immune tolerance. The review highlights the importance of genetic and environmental factors in the development of autoimmune diseases and the role of molecular signaling pathways in their pathogenesis. It also provides an overview of the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and immune dysregulation in each disease, emphasizing the need for early identification and intervention to prevent irreversible damage. Finally, it discusses new therapeutic strategies, including antibody therapy, RNA interference (RNAi) therapy, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), and their potential in treating autoimmune disorders.