Autoimmune disorders are characterized by aberrant T and B cell reactivity to self-components, leading to tissue damage and organ dysfunction. These diseases affect a large portion of the global population and are a major public health concern. Current treatments are often non-specific immunosuppressants with significant side effects. New strategies, such as antigen-specific immunotherapies, are being developed to target immune tolerance mechanisms. This review discusses the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and mechanisms of autoimmune diseases, focusing on multiple sclerosis (MS), type 1 diabetes (T1D), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and Sjögren's syndrome (SS). It highlights recent advances in nanomaterials and mRNA vaccine technologies for antigen-specific tolerance induction. The review also summarizes current therapies, including FDA-approved drugs and clinical trials, and discusses the role of biomaterials and mRNA vaccines in autoimmune disease treatment. Autoimmune diseases are influenced by genetic and environmental factors, with immune dysregulation playing a central role. Key mechanisms include T and B cell activation, autoantibody production, and immune cell interactions. New therapeutic strategies, such as antibody therapy, RNA interference (RNAi), and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), are being explored for their potential in treating autoimmune disorders. These approaches aim to induce immune tolerance and reduce autoimmune responses. The review emphasizes the importance of understanding immune mechanisms to develop more effective and targeted therapies for autoimmune diseases.Autoimmune disorders are characterized by aberrant T and B cell reactivity to self-components, leading to tissue damage and organ dysfunction. These diseases affect a large portion of the global population and are a major public health concern. Current treatments are often non-specific immunosuppressants with significant side effects. New strategies, such as antigen-specific immunotherapies, are being developed to target immune tolerance mechanisms. This review discusses the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and mechanisms of autoimmune diseases, focusing on multiple sclerosis (MS), type 1 diabetes (T1D), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and Sjögren's syndrome (SS). It highlights recent advances in nanomaterials and mRNA vaccine technologies for antigen-specific tolerance induction. The review also summarizes current therapies, including FDA-approved drugs and clinical trials, and discusses the role of biomaterials and mRNA vaccines in autoimmune disease treatment. Autoimmune diseases are influenced by genetic and environmental factors, with immune dysregulation playing a central role. Key mechanisms include T and B cell activation, autoantibody production, and immune cell interactions. New therapeutic strategies, such as antibody therapy, RNA interference (RNAi), and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), are being explored for their potential in treating autoimmune disorders. These approaches aim to induce immune tolerance and reduce autoimmune responses. The review emphasizes the importance of understanding immune mechanisms to develop more effective and targeted therapies for autoimmune diseases.