Exfoliation of Graphite into Graphene in Aqueous Solutions of Inorganic Salts

Exfoliation of Graphite into Graphene in Aqueous Solutions of Inorganic Salts

27-Mar-2014 | Khaled Parvez, Zhong-Shuai Wu, Rongjin Li, Xianjie Liu, Robert Graf, Xinliang Feng, Klaus Müllen
This document describes a method for efficiently exfoliating graphite into high-quality graphene using aqueous solutions of inorganic salts, such as ammonium sulfate, sodium sulfate, and potassium sulfate. The process involves applying a direct current voltage to a graphite electrode in these electrolytes, leading to the exfoliation of graphene sheets with high yield (over 85%), large lateral size (up to 44 µm), low oxidation degree (C/O ratio of 17.2), and high hole mobility (310 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹). The resulting graphene can be easily fabricated into conductive films on paper with a resistance of 11 Ω sq⁻¹. All-solid-state flexible supercapacitors based on these graphene films exhibit a high area capacitance of 11.3 mF cm⁻² and an excellent rate capability of 5000 mV s⁻¹. The method offers a promising approach for industrial-scale synthesis of high-quality graphene for various advanced applications. The study highlights the advantages of using aqueous inorganic salts over other methods, such as ionic liquids and acidic electrolytes, due to their ability to produce high-quality, large-scale graphene with minimal oxidation and functionalization. The exfoliation process is efficient, scalable, and environmentally friendly, making it suitable for practical applications in electronics, energy storage, and flexible electronics. The research also demonstrates the solution-processability of the exfoliated graphene, enabling its use in transparent films and conductive inks. The study provides a detailed analysis of the structural, morphological, and electronic properties of the exfoliated graphene, confirming its high quality and performance in various applications. The findings contribute to the development of sustainable and cost-effective methods for producing high-quality graphene for advanced technological applications.This document describes a method for efficiently exfoliating graphite into high-quality graphene using aqueous solutions of inorganic salts, such as ammonium sulfate, sodium sulfate, and potassium sulfate. The process involves applying a direct current voltage to a graphite electrode in these electrolytes, leading to the exfoliation of graphene sheets with high yield (over 85%), large lateral size (up to 44 µm), low oxidation degree (C/O ratio of 17.2), and high hole mobility (310 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹). The resulting graphene can be easily fabricated into conductive films on paper with a resistance of 11 Ω sq⁻¹. All-solid-state flexible supercapacitors based on these graphene films exhibit a high area capacitance of 11.3 mF cm⁻² and an excellent rate capability of 5000 mV s⁻¹. The method offers a promising approach for industrial-scale synthesis of high-quality graphene for various advanced applications. The study highlights the advantages of using aqueous inorganic salts over other methods, such as ionic liquids and acidic electrolytes, due to their ability to produce high-quality, large-scale graphene with minimal oxidation and functionalization. The exfoliation process is efficient, scalable, and environmentally friendly, making it suitable for practical applications in electronics, energy storage, and flexible electronics. The research also demonstrates the solution-processability of the exfoliated graphene, enabling its use in transparent films and conductive inks. The study provides a detailed analysis of the structural, morphological, and electronic properties of the exfoliated graphene, confirming its high quality and performance in various applications. The findings contribute to the development of sustainable and cost-effective methods for producing high-quality graphene for advanced technological applications.
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