Exosomes, extracellular vesicles secreted by cells, have attracted significant attention for their therapeutic potential. These nanoscale carriers can deliver therapeutic agents like drugs, proteins, and nucleic acids across biological barriers, making them promising for precision medicine, especially in cancer therapy. However, challenges such as standardization, scalability, and heterogeneity in isolation methods hinder their clinical application. In contrast, exosomes excel in cancer diagnosis due to their ability to carry tumor-specific biomarkers, enabling non-invasive, real-time monitoring and early detection. This review evaluates exosome research advancements, highlighting their advantages and limitations in cancer therapy and early diagnosis. It also presents recent technological innovations using exosomes to enhance early cancer detection. Exosomes serve as valuable liquid biopsies, offering insights into cancer's genetic and proteomic profiles. They are crucial for diagnosing cancer, as they can be isolated from bodily fluids like blood and urine, providing a minimally invasive approach. Exosomes also play roles in cell-to-cell communication, waste removal, tissue repair, and immune response modulation. Their biomedical applications include regenerative medicine, immune modulation, drug delivery, and biomarker discovery for cancer treatment. Exosomes are promising for cancer detection due to their specificity, sensitivity, and non-invasive sampling. Advanced strategies like liquid biopsies, nanotechnology, and machine learning enhance exosome-based cancer detection. Despite challenges in scalability, exosomes offer a promising avenue for early cancer detection and personalized treatment. The integration of liquid biopsies, nanotechnology, machine learning, and bioinformatics represents a paradigm shift in cancer diagnostics, enabling non-invasive, precise early detection and dynamic disease monitoring. Exosomes hold significant potential for improving cancer diagnosis and treatment, offering a transformative approach in oncology.Exosomes, extracellular vesicles secreted by cells, have attracted significant attention for their therapeutic potential. These nanoscale carriers can deliver therapeutic agents like drugs, proteins, and nucleic acids across biological barriers, making them promising for precision medicine, especially in cancer therapy. However, challenges such as standardization, scalability, and heterogeneity in isolation methods hinder their clinical application. In contrast, exosomes excel in cancer diagnosis due to their ability to carry tumor-specific biomarkers, enabling non-invasive, real-time monitoring and early detection. This review evaluates exosome research advancements, highlighting their advantages and limitations in cancer therapy and early diagnosis. It also presents recent technological innovations using exosomes to enhance early cancer detection. Exosomes serve as valuable liquid biopsies, offering insights into cancer's genetic and proteomic profiles. They are crucial for diagnosing cancer, as they can be isolated from bodily fluids like blood and urine, providing a minimally invasive approach. Exosomes also play roles in cell-to-cell communication, waste removal, tissue repair, and immune response modulation. Their biomedical applications include regenerative medicine, immune modulation, drug delivery, and biomarker discovery for cancer treatment. Exosomes are promising for cancer detection due to their specificity, sensitivity, and non-invasive sampling. Advanced strategies like liquid biopsies, nanotechnology, and machine learning enhance exosome-based cancer detection. Despite challenges in scalability, exosomes offer a promising avenue for early cancer detection and personalized treatment. The integration of liquid biopsies, nanotechnology, machine learning, and bioinformatics represents a paradigm shift in cancer diagnostics, enabling non-invasive, precise early detection and dynamic disease monitoring. Exosomes hold significant potential for improving cancer diagnosis and treatment, offering a transformative approach in oncology.