Exosomes, extracellular vesicles secreted by cells, have gained significant attention for their therapeutic potential in cancer treatment and diagnostic applications. These nanoscale carriers can be used to deliver therapeutic agents, such as pharmaceuticals, proteins, and nucleic acids, across biological barriers, making them a promising modality for precision medicine. However, challenges such as standardization, scalability, and heterogeneity in isolation methodologies limit their clinical utility. In contrast, exosomes exhibit distinct advantages in cancer diagnosis, as they carry specific signatures reflective of the tumor's genetic and proteomic profile, making them valuable liquid biopsies for non-invasive and real-time monitoring. This review evaluates advancements in exosome research, highlighting their advantages and limitations in cancer therapy and early diagnosis. It also presents recent technological innovations aimed at enhancing the efficacy of early cancer detection using exosomes. The article discusses the multifaceted biomedical applications of exosomes, including regenerative medicine, immune modulation, drug delivery, and biomarker discovery for cancer treatment. Despite the challenges, exosomes represent a promising avenue for cancer research and diagnosis, offering new possibilities for early detection, monitoring, and personalized treatment strategies.Exosomes, extracellular vesicles secreted by cells, have gained significant attention for their therapeutic potential in cancer treatment and diagnostic applications. These nanoscale carriers can be used to deliver therapeutic agents, such as pharmaceuticals, proteins, and nucleic acids, across biological barriers, making them a promising modality for precision medicine. However, challenges such as standardization, scalability, and heterogeneity in isolation methodologies limit their clinical utility. In contrast, exosomes exhibit distinct advantages in cancer diagnosis, as they carry specific signatures reflective of the tumor's genetic and proteomic profile, making them valuable liquid biopsies for non-invasive and real-time monitoring. This review evaluates advancements in exosome research, highlighting their advantages and limitations in cancer therapy and early diagnosis. It also presents recent technological innovations aimed at enhancing the efficacy of early cancer detection using exosomes. The article discusses the multifaceted biomedical applications of exosomes, including regenerative medicine, immune modulation, drug delivery, and biomarker discovery for cancer treatment. Despite the challenges, exosomes represent a promising avenue for cancer research and diagnosis, offering new possibilities for early detection, monitoring, and personalized treatment strategies.