Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common age-related joint disease that significantly impacts joint function and quality of life. It is associated with various systemic diseases, including osteoporosis, sarcopenia, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, dementia, and cancer. Shared inflammatory processes, genetic factors, and lifestyle elements link OA to these conditions. Understanding these associations and mechanisms is crucial for improving patient care and reducing the burden of related diseases. OA is influenced by multiple factors, including age, gender, obesity, and genetic predisposition. It can contribute to the development of other diseases through shared risk factors such as inflammation and genetic influences. OA is also linked to skeletal-muscular diseases like osteoporosis and sarcopenia, as well as cardiovascular diseases, endocrine and metabolic disorders, nervous system diseases, and mental health issues. The pathogenesis of OA involves complex interactions between local biomechanical factors and systemic susceptibility, with chronic inflammation playing a significant role. OA is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension and heart failure, and is linked to diabetes through shared risk factors such as obesity and inflammation. OA is also connected to neurological diseases like dementia and Parkinson's disease, with inflammation and genetic factors playing a role. Mental health issues, including depression and anxiety, are more prevalent in OA patients. Additionally, OA is associated with an increased risk of certain cancers, possibly due to chronic inflammation and shared risk factors. The management of OA requires a holistic approach, considering its associations with other diseases. Future research should focus on elucidating the mechanisms underlying these relationships to develop more effective treatments and improve patient outcomes.Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common age-related joint disease that significantly impacts joint function and quality of life. It is associated with various systemic diseases, including osteoporosis, sarcopenia, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, dementia, and cancer. Shared inflammatory processes, genetic factors, and lifestyle elements link OA to these conditions. Understanding these associations and mechanisms is crucial for improving patient care and reducing the burden of related diseases. OA is influenced by multiple factors, including age, gender, obesity, and genetic predisposition. It can contribute to the development of other diseases through shared risk factors such as inflammation and genetic influences. OA is also linked to skeletal-muscular diseases like osteoporosis and sarcopenia, as well as cardiovascular diseases, endocrine and metabolic disorders, nervous system diseases, and mental health issues. The pathogenesis of OA involves complex interactions between local biomechanical factors and systemic susceptibility, with chronic inflammation playing a significant role. OA is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension and heart failure, and is linked to diabetes through shared risk factors such as obesity and inflammation. OA is also connected to neurological diseases like dementia and Parkinson's disease, with inflammation and genetic factors playing a role. Mental health issues, including depression and anxiety, are more prevalent in OA patients. Additionally, OA is associated with an increased risk of certain cancers, possibly due to chronic inflammation and shared risk factors. The management of OA requires a holistic approach, considering its associations with other diseases. Future research should focus on elucidating the mechanisms underlying these relationships to develop more effective treatments and improve patient outcomes.