This review explores the potential of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria and nanotechnology in sustainable agriculture. It highlights the symbiotic relationship between cyanobacteria and plants, emphasizing their role in fixing atmospheric nitrogen, which is crucial for ecosystem productivity. The paper discusses the unique characteristics of metal nanoparticles and their applications in agriculture, including improved nutrient delivery, stress tolerance, and disease resistance. It delves into the mechanisms of nanoparticle entry into plant cells, intracellular transport, and localization, and their impact on root-shoot translocation and systemic distribution. The review also examines cellular responses to nanoparticle exposure, such as oxidative stress and enhanced nutrient uptake. The potential of metal nanoparticles as carriers of essential nutrients and their implications for nutrient-use efficiency and crop yield are explored. Insights into the modulation of plant stress responses, disease resistance, and phytoremediation strategies demonstrate the multifaceted benefits of nanoparticles in agriculture. Current trends, prospects, and challenges in agricultural nanotechnology are discussed, underscoring the need for responsible and safe nanoparticle utilization. By harnessing the power of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria and leveraging the unique attributes of nanoparticles, this review paves the way for innovative, sustainable, and efficient agricultural practices.This review explores the potential of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria and nanotechnology in sustainable agriculture. It highlights the symbiotic relationship between cyanobacteria and plants, emphasizing their role in fixing atmospheric nitrogen, which is crucial for ecosystem productivity. The paper discusses the unique characteristics of metal nanoparticles and their applications in agriculture, including improved nutrient delivery, stress tolerance, and disease resistance. It delves into the mechanisms of nanoparticle entry into plant cells, intracellular transport, and localization, and their impact on root-shoot translocation and systemic distribution. The review also examines cellular responses to nanoparticle exposure, such as oxidative stress and enhanced nutrient uptake. The potential of metal nanoparticles as carriers of essential nutrients and their implications for nutrient-use efficiency and crop yield are explored. Insights into the modulation of plant stress responses, disease resistance, and phytoremediation strategies demonstrate the multifaceted benefits of nanoparticles in agriculture. Current trends, prospects, and challenges in agricultural nanotechnology are discussed, underscoring the need for responsible and safe nanoparticle utilization. By harnessing the power of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria and leveraging the unique attributes of nanoparticles, this review paves the way for innovative, sustainable, and efficient agricultural practices.