This review explores the potential of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria and nanotechnology in sustainable agriculture. Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria play a crucial role in converting atmospheric nitrogen into bioavailable forms, supporting ecosystem productivity. Nanotechnology, particularly metal nanoparticles, offers new opportunities for improving nutrient delivery, stress tolerance, and disease resistance in plants. The review discusses the molecular interactions between cyanobacteria and nanoparticles, highlighting their synergistic potential in agricultural nanotechnology. It examines the mechanisms of nanoparticle uptake, transport, and distribution in plants, emphasizing the impact on root-shoot translocation and systemic distribution. The paper also explores the cellular responses to nanoparticle exposure, including oxidative stress, signaling pathways, and enhanced nutrient uptake. The potential of metal nanoparticles as nutrient carriers and their implications for nutrient-use efficiency and crop yield are discussed. Insights into the modulation of plant stress responses, disease resistance, and phytoremediation strategies demonstrate the multifaceted benefits of nanoparticles in agriculture. Current trends, prospects, and challenges in agricultural nanotechnology are addressed, emphasizing the need for responsible and safe nanoparticle utilization. By combining the nitrogen-fixing abilities of cyanobacteria with the unique properties of nanoparticles, this review highlights innovative, sustainable, and efficient agricultural practices. The review also discusses the impact of nanoparticles on key plant and cyanobacterial processes, including photosynthesis, carbon fixation, and nitrogen fixation. It explores the effects of nanoparticles on root architecture, mycorrhizal associations, and cyanobacterial aggregates, which are essential for nutrient uptake and soil health. The review concludes with an analysis of the phytoremediation potential of plants and their associated microbes, emphasizing the importance of plant-microbe interactions in environmental restoration. The study highlights the need for further research to understand the long-term effects of nanoparticles on soil health, microbial populations, and ecosystem dynamics.This review explores the potential of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria and nanotechnology in sustainable agriculture. Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria play a crucial role in converting atmospheric nitrogen into bioavailable forms, supporting ecosystem productivity. Nanotechnology, particularly metal nanoparticles, offers new opportunities for improving nutrient delivery, stress tolerance, and disease resistance in plants. The review discusses the molecular interactions between cyanobacteria and nanoparticles, highlighting their synergistic potential in agricultural nanotechnology. It examines the mechanisms of nanoparticle uptake, transport, and distribution in plants, emphasizing the impact on root-shoot translocation and systemic distribution. The paper also explores the cellular responses to nanoparticle exposure, including oxidative stress, signaling pathways, and enhanced nutrient uptake. The potential of metal nanoparticles as nutrient carriers and their implications for nutrient-use efficiency and crop yield are discussed. Insights into the modulation of plant stress responses, disease resistance, and phytoremediation strategies demonstrate the multifaceted benefits of nanoparticles in agriculture. Current trends, prospects, and challenges in agricultural nanotechnology are addressed, emphasizing the need for responsible and safe nanoparticle utilization. By combining the nitrogen-fixing abilities of cyanobacteria with the unique properties of nanoparticles, this review highlights innovative, sustainable, and efficient agricultural practices. The review also discusses the impact of nanoparticles on key plant and cyanobacterial processes, including photosynthesis, carbon fixation, and nitrogen fixation. It explores the effects of nanoparticles on root architecture, mycorrhizal associations, and cyanobacterial aggregates, which are essential for nutrient uptake and soil health. The review concludes with an analysis of the phytoremediation potential of plants and their associated microbes, emphasizing the importance of plant-microbe interactions in environmental restoration. The study highlights the need for further research to understand the long-term effects of nanoparticles on soil health, microbial populations, and ecosystem dynamics.