The article explores the therapeutic potential of catalase, an enzyme that efficiently decomposes hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) into water and oxygen, thereby detoxifying potentially harmful byproducts of cellular metabolism. Catalase plays a crucial role in mitigating oxidative stress, which is implicated in various diseases. The enzyme's applications range from direct supplementation in conditions characterized by oxidative stress to gene therapy approaches to enhance endogenous catalase activity. However, challenges such as stability, bioavailability, and specific delivery to target tissues must be addressed through rigorous scientific inquiry and well-designed clinical trials. The article also discusses the structural characterization of catalase, its mechanism of action, and its role in different diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hepatic disease, and chronic kidney disease. Understanding the complex interplay between catalase, oxidative stress, and these diseases is essential for developing targeted therapeutic strategies.The article explores the therapeutic potential of catalase, an enzyme that efficiently decomposes hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) into water and oxygen, thereby detoxifying potentially harmful byproducts of cellular metabolism. Catalase plays a crucial role in mitigating oxidative stress, which is implicated in various diseases. The enzyme's applications range from direct supplementation in conditions characterized by oxidative stress to gene therapy approaches to enhance endogenous catalase activity. However, challenges such as stability, bioavailability, and specific delivery to target tissues must be addressed through rigorous scientific inquiry and well-designed clinical trials. The article also discusses the structural characterization of catalase, its mechanism of action, and its role in different diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hepatic disease, and chronic kidney disease. Understanding the complex interplay between catalase, oxidative stress, and these diseases is essential for developing targeted therapeutic strategies.