Catalase is a critical antioxidant enzyme that plays a vital role in mitigating oxidative stress by decomposing hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. It is essential for cellular defense against reactive oxygen species (ROS) and is involved in various physiological processes, including redox signaling, immune response, and cell proliferation. Despite its importance, challenges such as enzyme stability, bioavailability, and delivery specificity hinder its therapeutic potential. Research has shown that catalase deficiency is linked to several diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Catalase's role in these conditions highlights its significance in maintaining redox balance and preventing oxidative damage. While catalase has been studied for its therapeutic potential, its application in clinical settings is limited by issues such as enzyme purity, activity, and longevity. Advances in catalase formulations and delivery systems are needed to overcome these challenges and enhance its therapeutic efficacy. Understanding catalase's role in disease-specific contexts is crucial for developing targeted antioxidant therapies that can effectively manage oxidative stress-related conditions. The enzyme's ability to modulate oxidative stress and its involvement in various cellular processes make it a promising target for therapeutic interventions in a wide range of diseases. Further research is needed to fully explore catalase's therapeutic potential and develop effective strategies for its application in clinical practice.Catalase is a critical antioxidant enzyme that plays a vital role in mitigating oxidative stress by decomposing hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. It is essential for cellular defense against reactive oxygen species (ROS) and is involved in various physiological processes, including redox signaling, immune response, and cell proliferation. Despite its importance, challenges such as enzyme stability, bioavailability, and delivery specificity hinder its therapeutic potential. Research has shown that catalase deficiency is linked to several diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Catalase's role in these conditions highlights its significance in maintaining redox balance and preventing oxidative damage. While catalase has been studied for its therapeutic potential, its application in clinical settings is limited by issues such as enzyme purity, activity, and longevity. Advances in catalase formulations and delivery systems are needed to overcome these challenges and enhance its therapeutic efficacy. Understanding catalase's role in disease-specific contexts is crucial for developing targeted antioxidant therapies that can effectively manage oxidative stress-related conditions. The enzyme's ability to modulate oxidative stress and its involvement in various cellular processes make it a promising target for therapeutic interventions in a wide range of diseases. Further research is needed to fully explore catalase's therapeutic potential and develop effective strategies for its application in clinical practice.