The article provides a comprehensive review of monkeypox (mpox) virus proteins and rapid detection techniques. Monkeypox, caused by the mpox virus, is an infectious disease that can lead to severe outcomes and has been on the rise globally since 2022. The virus shares similarities with other orthopoxviruses, making diagnosis challenging. The review highlights the roles of various proteins, including extracellular enveloped virus (EEV), intracellular mature virus (IMV), and profilin-like proteins, in mpox pathogenesis and transmission. It also discusses recent diagnostic techniques based on these proteins, such as lateral flow assays (LFAs), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), which offer rapid and sensitive detection methods. The article emphasizes the importance of understanding the structure and function of mpox proteins to improve diagnostic tools and control the spread of the disease.The article provides a comprehensive review of monkeypox (mpox) virus proteins and rapid detection techniques. Monkeypox, caused by the mpox virus, is an infectious disease that can lead to severe outcomes and has been on the rise globally since 2022. The virus shares similarities with other orthopoxviruses, making diagnosis challenging. The review highlights the roles of various proteins, including extracellular enveloped virus (EEV), intracellular mature virus (IMV), and profilin-like proteins, in mpox pathogenesis and transmission. It also discusses recent diagnostic techniques based on these proteins, such as lateral flow assays (LFAs), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), which offer rapid and sensitive detection methods. The article emphasizes the importance of understanding the structure and function of mpox proteins to improve diagnostic tools and control the spread of the disease.