This review explores the proteins of the monkeypox virus (MPXV) and recent rapid detection techniques. MPXV, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus, causes a zoonotic disease with symptoms similar to smallpox and other poxviruses. The review discusses the roles of various MPXV proteins, including extracellular enveloped virus (EEV), intracellular mature virus (IMV), and profilin-like proteins, and highlights recent diagnostic techniques based on these proteins for rapid detection of MPXV infection. MPXV is an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus with a genome size of approximately 197 kb, encoding nearly 190 proteins. The virus has a brick-shaped or oval structure, with a size ranging from 200 to 250 nm. MPXV is classified into two clades, with recent outbreaks attributed to a new clade called "hMPXV-1A" lineage B. The virus can be transmitted through direct contact, and its symptoms include fever, headache, and a rash. MPXV has a potential for fatal outcomes, with a mortality rate ranging from 1% to 10%. The review discusses the structure and function of MPXV proteins, including A29, H3L, E8L, M1R, L1R, and profilin-like proteins. These proteins are potential targets for detection methods. Recent studies have shown that the A29 protein is a primary target in immunoassays for detecting MPXV. The H3L protein is also a focus of cellular immune responses and has been identified as a target for T and B cells in vaccinated individuals. The E8L protein is a surface membrane protein that binds to chondroitin and regulates viral entry. The M1R protein is essential for viral assembly and entry, and the L1R protein is involved in viral entry and assembly. Recent advancements in rapid detection techniques include lateral flow assays (LFA), lateral flow immunoassays (LFIA), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), and electrochemical biosensors. These techniques offer quick and sensitive detection of MPXV proteins, such as A29, H3L, E8L, M1R, and B6R. The review also highlights the potential of aptamers for viral detection and the importance of understanding MPXV proteins for improving diagnostic techniques. Despite advancements, there is still a gap in understanding most MPXV proteins, emphasizing the need for further research on their structure and function.This review explores the proteins of the monkeypox virus (MPXV) and recent rapid detection techniques. MPXV, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus, causes a zoonotic disease with symptoms similar to smallpox and other poxviruses. The review discusses the roles of various MPXV proteins, including extracellular enveloped virus (EEV), intracellular mature virus (IMV), and profilin-like proteins, and highlights recent diagnostic techniques based on these proteins for rapid detection of MPXV infection. MPXV is an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus with a genome size of approximately 197 kb, encoding nearly 190 proteins. The virus has a brick-shaped or oval structure, with a size ranging from 200 to 250 nm. MPXV is classified into two clades, with recent outbreaks attributed to a new clade called "hMPXV-1A" lineage B. The virus can be transmitted through direct contact, and its symptoms include fever, headache, and a rash. MPXV has a potential for fatal outcomes, with a mortality rate ranging from 1% to 10%. The review discusses the structure and function of MPXV proteins, including A29, H3L, E8L, M1R, L1R, and profilin-like proteins. These proteins are potential targets for detection methods. Recent studies have shown that the A29 protein is a primary target in immunoassays for detecting MPXV. The H3L protein is also a focus of cellular immune responses and has been identified as a target for T and B cells in vaccinated individuals. The E8L protein is a surface membrane protein that binds to chondroitin and regulates viral entry. The M1R protein is essential for viral assembly and entry, and the L1R protein is involved in viral entry and assembly. Recent advancements in rapid detection techniques include lateral flow assays (LFA), lateral flow immunoassays (LFIA), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), and electrochemical biosensors. These techniques offer quick and sensitive detection of MPXV proteins, such as A29, H3L, E8L, M1R, and B6R. The review also highlights the potential of aptamers for viral detection and the importance of understanding MPXV proteins for improving diagnostic techniques. Despite advancements, there is still a gap in understanding most MPXV proteins, emphasizing the need for further research on their structure and function.