The article explores new perspectives in immunology, questioning the current framework and suggesting alternative explanations to address unresolved issues. It highlights the limitations of the existing paradigm, particularly in understanding vaccine design, autoimmune responses, and the role of the immune system in protective immunity. The authors discuss the requirements for immune response activation, the concept of immune memory, and the challenges in developing vaccines against rapidly mutating respiratory pathogens. They also propose that the immune system may have additional functions beyond host defense, such as tissue homeostasis and maintenance. The article emphasizes the need for a broader perspective on immune functions and suggests that exaptation, or the acquisition of new functions, is a common phenomenon in complex systems.The article explores new perspectives in immunology, questioning the current framework and suggesting alternative explanations to address unresolved issues. It highlights the limitations of the existing paradigm, particularly in understanding vaccine design, autoimmune responses, and the role of the immune system in protective immunity. The authors discuss the requirements for immune response activation, the concept of immune memory, and the challenges in developing vaccines against rapidly mutating respiratory pathogens. They also propose that the immune system may have additional functions beyond host defense, such as tissue homeostasis and maintenance. The article emphasizes the need for a broader perspective on immune functions and suggests that exaptation, or the acquisition of new functions, is a common phenomenon in complex systems.